The Effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and N-Acetylcysteine with Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Rat Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Model

Abstract

Background. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) and pharmacological preconditioning are the effective methods that can be used to prevent ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RIP and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) with RIP in the rat hepatic IR injury model. Materials and Methods. 28 rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I (sham): only laparotomy was performed. Group II (IR): following 30 minutes of hepatic pedicle occlusion, 4 hours of reperfusion was performed. Group III (RIP + IR): following 3 cycles of RIP, hepatic IR was performed. Group IV (RIP + NAC + IR): following RIP and intraperitoneal administration of NAC (150 mg/kg), hepatic IR was performed. All the rats were sacrificed after blood samples were taken for the measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver was processed for conventional histopathology. Results. The hepatic histopathological injury scores of RIP + IR and RIP + NAC + IR groups were significantly lower than IR group (P = 0.006, P = 0.003, resp.). There were no significant differences in AST and ALT values between the IR, RIP + IR, and RIP + NAC + IR groups. Conclusions. In the present study, it was demonstrated histopathologically that RIP and RIP + NAC decreased hepatic IR injury significantly.

The protective effects of erythropoietin on photoreceptor damage by formaldehyde

“…But erythropoietin can inhibit neuronal cell apoptosis (Grimm et al, 2002), and clean oxygen radicals of ischemia against oxidative stress after ischemia (Wang et al, 2010).Our findings are consistent with the results of previous studies (Grimm et al, 2002;Marti et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2010).On the other hand, reduction of ATP produced and cessation of oxidative phosphorylation occurred in hypoxia (Macario & Conway de Macario, 2000). Depletion of ATP with decreasing of PH, increased influx of Na and Ca ions occurred in ischemia and anaerobic metabolism (Uysal et al, 2014;Thomaz Neto et al, 2013). In our research, morphological changes and loss of cristae Khoshnood MM et al Effects of erythropoietin and formaldehyde on photoreceptor damage Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016;8(15): 10-17 of mitochondria in inner segment of retina have seen and confirmed by previous study indicating that ATP reduction and increase mitochondrial permeability transition pore in ischemia (Uysal et al, 2014;Thomaz Neto et al, 2013).…”

“…Depletion of ATP with decreasing of PH, increased influx of Na and Ca ions occurred in ischemia and anaerobic metabolism (Uysal et al, 2014;Thomaz Neto et al, 2013). In our research, morphological changes and loss of cristae Khoshnood MM et al Effects of erythropoietin and formaldehyde on photoreceptor damage Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016;8(15): 10-17 of mitochondria in inner segment of retina have seen and confirmed by previous study indicating that ATP reduction and increase mitochondrial permeability transition pore in ischemia (Uysal et al, 2014;Thomaz Neto et al, 2013). Also, efflux K ion and influx Na ion with water caused cellular edema in hypoxia (Chambless et al, 2003).…”

Ischemic preconditioning increases GSK-3β/β-catenin levels and ameliorates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

“…The liver tissues were harvested and fixed in 10% formalin. Consecutive 5-µm-thick sections from paraffin-embedded liver tissues were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining and subsequently evaluated as previously described (23). Briefly, the liver specimens were evaluated at x200 magnification by a point-counting method for the severity of liver injury with an ordinal scale as follows: grade 0, minimal or no evidence of injury; grade 1, mild injury consisting of cytoplasmic vacuolation and focal nuclear pyknosis; grade 2, moderate to severe injury with extensive nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, loss of intercellular borders and mild to moderate neutrophil infiltration; and grade 3, severe injury with disintegration of hepatic cords, hemorrhaging and severe polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell infiltration.…”

The Assessment of Reperfusion Inflammatory Injury in Ischemic Preconditioned Diabetic Rats

“…Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) also increases the adenosine synthesis where in short-term ischemia of an organ followed by reperfusion provides distant organ protection against IRI. This technique is especially used in case of surgical treatment of the heart, lung, kidney and liver [3,7].…”