The Elastic Modulus of β‐HMX Crystals Determined by Nanoindentation

Li, Ming; Tan, Wu-Jun; Kang, Bin; Xu, Rongkun; Tang, Wei

doi:10.1002/prep.201000018

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Better understanding of the contribution of phonons and lattice vibrations to detonation via elastic properties have been made experimentally [26,27] and with supporting computational studies [28,29]. In addition a nanoindentation study [30] has indicated that the hardness of the (010) face of β-HMX is ~1080 MPa, which is much higher than that found in previous studies. While the nanoindentation studies are extremely useful and suggests the mechanisms of deformation as slip, these studies do not full characterize the crystal, with only the (010) face identified and measurements being reported on a second unidentified face.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mechanical properties of β-HMX

Gallagher

Miller

Sheen

et al. 2015

Chemistry Central Journal

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BackgroundFor a full understanding of the mechanical properties of a material, it is essential to understand the defect structures and associated properties and microhardness indentation is a technique that can aid this understanding.ResultsThe Vickers hardness on (010), {011} and {110} faces lay in the range of 304–363 MPa. The Knoop Hardnesses on the same faces lay in the range 314–482 MPa. From etching of three indented surfaces, the preferred slip planes have been identified as (001) and (101). For a dislocation glide, the most likely configuration for dislocation movement on the (001) planes is (001) [100] (|b| = 0.65 nm) and for the (101) plane as (101) (|b| = 1.084 nm) although (101) [010] (|b| = 1.105 nm) is possible. Tensile testing showed that at a stress value of 2.3 MPa primary twinning occurred and grew with increasing stress. When the stress was relaxed, the twins decreased in size, but did not disappear. The twinning shear strain was calculated to be 0.353 for the (101) twin plane.ConclusionsHMX is considered to be brittle, compared to other secondary explosives. Comparing HMX with a range of organic solids, the values for hardness numbers are similar to those of other brittle systems. Under the conditions developed beneath a pyramidal indenter, dislocation slip plays a major part in accommodating the local deformation stresses.Graphical abstractHMX undergoing tensile testing.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0091-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mechanical properties of β-HMX

Gallagher

Miller

Sheen

et al. 2015

Chemistry Central Journal

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“…The hardening behavior of b-HMX is challenging to model due to lack of sufficient experimental data. One way to qualitatively characterize the elastic-plastic response is to perform instrumented indentation studies along different crystallographic directions [11]. For b-HMX it is assumed that twin and slip have similar hardening behavior that can be expressed by Eq.…”

Section: Obtaining the Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the hazardous nature of the experiments involved, it is preferable to study the thermomechanics of detonation initiation and propagation based on computa-tional modeling. While experimental and computational research has been performed to characterize the anisotropic linear elastic coefficients of b-HMX [4][5][6]11], detailed mathematical modeling of its nonlinear mechanical response is missing. In most of the cases an isotropic nonlinear von Mises yield function has been used to account for such deformation [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Anisotropic Deformation Response of β‐HMX Molecular Crystals

Zamiri

2011

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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In this paper, we develop a computational model for the anisotropic plastic response of b-HMX molecular crystals based upon experimental data. While phenomenological models of b-HMX currently exist, they are inadequate as they cannot account for the orientation dependence of the observed response. The proposed model, on the other hand, successfully predicts the experimentally observed highly anisotropic and orientation dependent yield surfaces of b-HMX molecular crystals having different crystal orientations. The model also correctly predicts the anisotropic plastic yielding of b-HMX under uniaxial compression at different temperatures along different crystallographic directions. The model presented in this paper may be extended to predict the yielding and elastic-plastic deformation of other energetic molecular crystals.

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“…We see in the figure that the unloading curves show permanent set. No obvious pop‐in point that is often found in the indentation yield of crystalline solids is observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Mechanical properties of pentaerythritol tetranitrate(PETN) single crystals from nano‐indentation: Depth dependent response at the nano meter scale

Zhai

McKenna

2016

Crystal Research and Technology

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The current work presents the results from an investigation of the mechanical behavior of single crystals of the energetic material pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) using a nano‐indentation technique. The indentation tests have been performed on the maximum growth habit face (110) of the PETN, using a spherical, Berkovich and an anisometric (wedge‐shaped) tip. The load displacement curves along with analysis have been used to extract the mechanical properties and identify the anisotropic indentation modulus for the PETN. The indentation moduli of the PETN single crystal were found to decrease as indentation depth increases and become independent of indentation depth for depths greater than 200 nm for the spherical indenter and 300 nm for the anisometric wedge indenter and Berkovich tip. The indentation modulus obtained from spherical tip indentation is compared with the results calculated by using literature values of the elastic constants. The wedge indenter measurements and Berkovich indentation at various tip orientations are different due to the anisotropy of the PETN. The yield behaviors of the PETN single crystal were also explored using both spherical and wedge tip indentation and the differences are discussed.

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The Elastic Modulus of β‐HMX Crystals Determined by Nanoindentation

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Mechanical properties of β-HMX

Mechanical properties of β-HMX

Modeling the Anisotropic Deformation Response of β‐HMX Molecular Crystals

Mechanical properties of pentaerythritol tetranitrate(PETN) single crystals from nano‐indentation: Depth dependent response at the nano meter scale

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