The Energy Content and Composition of Meals Consumed after an Overnight Fast and Their Effects on Diet Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions

Abstract

This systematic review investigated the effects of differing energy intakes, macronutrient compositions, and eating patterns of meals consumed after an overnight fast on Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT). The initial search identified 2482 records; 26 papers remained once duplicates were removed and inclusion criteria were applied. Studies (n = 27) in the analyses were randomized crossover designs comparing the effects of two or more eating events on DIT. Higher energy intake increased DIT; in a mixed model meta-regression, for every 100 kJ increase in energy intake, DIT increased by 1.1 kJ/h (p < 0.001). Meals with a high protein or carbohydrate content had a higher DIT than high fat, although this effect was not always significant. Meals with medium chain triglycerides had a significantly higher DIT than long chain triglycerides (meta-analysis, p = 0.002). Consuming the same meal as a single bolus eating event compared to multiple small meals or snacks was associated with a significantly higher DIT (meta-analysis, p = 0.02). Unclear or inconsistent findings were found by comparing the consumption of meals quickly or slowly, and palatability was not significantly associated with DIT. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the increase in DIT is influenced by the energy intake, macronutrient composition, and eating pattern of the meal.

ASK1 inhibits browning of white adipose tissue in obesity

“…Physiologically, increased energy consumption stimulates thermogenesis in brown and/or beige adipocytes via activation of the sympathetic nervous system and/or via secretion of humoral factors 35,36 . Accordingly, high calorie intake may trigger a compensatory adaptation leading to increased energy expenditure, thereby preventing diet-induced obesity.…”

Effect of food intake on 92 neurological biomarkers in plasma

“…There is a continuous search for novel biomarkers that could improve the assessment in neurological diseases (Lind et al., ; Lind, Emami Khoonsari et al., ; Lind, Wu et al., ; Miclescu, Svahn, & Gordh, ; Moen et al., ). Digestion of food is known to have significant hemodynamic and metabolic effects (Dencker, Björgell, & Hlebowicz, ; Dieden, Gårdinger, Bjorgell, Hlebowicz, & Dencker, ; Gårdinger, Bjorgell, Hlebowicz, & Dencker, ; Hlebowicz, Lindstedt‐Ingemansson, Björgell, & Dencker, ; Hlebowicz, Lindstedt‐Ingemansson, Björgell, & Dencker, ; Quatela, Callister, Patterson, & MacDonald‐Wicks, ; Stensel, ), and may therefore affect different biomarkers. It is relevant from a practical point of view to investigate if these biomarkers are affected by food intake, as it would affect sample collection.…”

A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance

“…AEE is the most variable component of TEE depending on an individual's lifestyle [12,13]. Food intake affects all the components of TEE-but predominantly DIT-with different effects according to the macronutrient composition of a meal and daily variation within the same individual [3,14].…”

“…Increased nocturnal insulin-resistance and heightened ghrelin levels, slower evening gastric emptying with increased carbohydrate absorption, and increased morning sympathetic activity have been proposed as possible explanations [42]. In addition to meal timing, DIT is influenced by the caloric content of a meal and increases in a direct proportion to the energy intake [14,43]. Finally, the macronutrient composition of food seems to meaningfully affect post-prandial energy expenditure, even if the data in the literature are controversial.…”