The Evolution Tracking of Tribasic Lead Sulfates Features in Lead-Acid Battery Positive Electrode using Design of Experiments

Abstract

The positive electrode of LAB still limits battery performance. Several approaches have been attempted to remedy this either by the incorporation of additives or by electrode modification. However initial performance and cycling of the LAB is determined by the kind and content of basic lead sulfate in the paste. As a result, it is critical to comprehend the mechanisms that take place during paste manufacture and how they affect the properties of the active materials. Here, the experimental design methodology was applied to track the crystallite size and content of tribasic lead sulfates, and specific surface area of cured paste, using the AZURAD®software. The effect of two quantitative factors (water/LO, acid/LO ratios) and one qualitative factor (curing program) were studied. SEM, XRD, and BET were used to characterize the cured pastes. The acid/LO ratio plays an important role in determining the 3BS phase content reaching 78%. At high temperatures, the acid/LO ratio shows, more influence on the 3BS crystallites size attaining a maximum value of 58nm. The temperature in the curing step mitigates the effect of both ratios on the crystallites size and SSA of cured paste. Results reveals two zones of nanostructured paste material evolution delimited at10%of acid/LO ratio.

Effect of sucrose-based carbon foams as negative electrode additive on the performance of lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge condition

“…The lead-acid battery, first invented by a French physicist and chemist named Gaston Planté in 1859, has since undergone more than 160 years of development. It is one of the most widely used rechargeable batteries, which are mainly used in automobiles, communications, solar energy, and power plants [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ]. Lead-acid batteries suffer from short cycle life and low discharge capacity at low temperature [ 5 ].…”