The evolutionarily conserved kinase SnRK1 orchestrates resource mobilization during Arabidopsis seedling establishment

Henninger, Markus; Pedrotti, Lorenzo; Krischke, Markus; Draken, Jan; Wildenhain, Theresa; Fekete, Ágnes; Rolland, Filip; Müller, Martin; Fröschel, Christian; Weiste, Christoph; Dröge‐Laser, Wolfgang

doi:10.1093/plcell/koab270

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…This is in agreement with its role in normal developmental processes, e.g. seed storage compound mobilisation during seedling establishment (Henninger et al, 2022).…”

Section: Sugars As Signals Determining the Speed Of Lifesupporting

confidence: 87%

“…A function of SnRK1 in resource mobilisation was also described for Arabidopsis, which in contrast to rice, mainly stores lipids instead of starch in the seeds. An inducible Arabidopsis mutant in the SnRK1 catalytic subunit genes, SnRK1α1 ( AKIN10 ) and SnRK1α2 ( AKIN11 ), showed impaired lipid mobilisation and seedling establishment (Henninger et al, 2022). However, a partial double mutant ( snrkα1 −/− snrkα2 +/− ) did not show a germination phenotype (Belda‐Palazón et al, 2020).…”

Section: At the Start Line—seed Dormancy And Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death

Wingler

Henriques

2022

Physiologia Plantarum

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Plant growth and development depend on the availability of carbohydrates synthesised in photosynthesis (source activity) and utilisation of these carbohydrates for growth (sink activity). External conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability and stress, can affect source as well as sink activity. Optimal utilisation of resources is under circadian clock control. This molecular timekeeper ensures that growth responses are adjusted to different photoperiod and temperature settings by modulating starch accumulation and degradation accordingly. For example, during the night, starch degradation is required to provide sugars for growth. Under favourable growth conditions, high sugar availability stimulates growth and development, resulting in an overall accelerated life cycle of annual plants. Key signalling components include trehalose‐6‐phosphate (Tre6P), which reflects sucrose availability and stimulates growth and branching when the conditions are favourable. Under sink limitation, Tre6P does, however, inhibit night‐time starch degradation. Tre6P interacts with Sucrose‐non‐fermenting1‐Related Kinase1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that inhibits growth under starvation and stress conditions and delays development (including flowering and senescence). Tre6P inhibits SnRK1 activity, but SnRK1 increases the Tre6P to sucrose ratio under favourable conditions. Alongside Tre6P, Target of Rapamycin (TOR) stimulates processes such as protein synthesis and growth when sugar availability is high. In annual plants, an accelerated life cycle results in early leaf and plant senescence, thus shortening the lifespan. While the availability of carbohydrates in the form of sucrose and other sugars also plays an important role in seasonal life cycle events (phenology) of perennial plants, the sugar signalling pathways in perennials are less well understood.

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“…This is in agreement with its role in normal developmental processes, e.g. seed storage compound mobilisation during seedling establishment (Henninger et al, 2022).…”

Section: Sugars As Signals Determining the Speed Of Lifesupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: At the Start Line—seed Dormancy And Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death

Wingler

Henriques

2022

Physiologia Plantarum

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“…We next assessed the effect of DUF581-9 on SnRK1 activity in a protoplast transactivation assay based on the SnRK1 responsive promoter of the Arabidopsis cyPPDK gene fused to the GUS reporter gene (Henninger et al ., 2022). Co-transfection of Arabidopsis protoplasts with the pPPDK2::GUS plasmid and a construct expressing KIN10 led to significant induction of the GUS reporter gene as compared reporter plasmid only control (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GUS enzyme assays were performed after 16 h of incubation in light (110 µmols −1 m −2 ). Reporter and effector plasmids have previously been described (Pedrotti et al ., 2018; Henninger et al ., 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DUF581-9 (At2g44670; FLZ3) negatively regulates SnRK1 activity by interference with T-loop phosphorylation

Bortlik

Luehle

Alseekh

et al. 2022

Preprint

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In plants, SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) is a key energy-sensor that orchestrates large-scale transcriptional reprogramming to maintain cellular homeostasis under energy deficit. SnRK1 activity is under tight negative control, although the exact mechanisms leading to its activation are far from being understood. We show that the Arabidopsis DOMAIN OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION (DUF581) protein DUF581-9/FLZ3 binds to the catalytic SnRK1α subunit KIN10 to inhibit its activation by GRIK-dependent T-loop phosphorylation. Overexpression of DUF581-9 in Arabidopsis dampens SnRK1 signalling and interferes with adaptation to dark-induced starvation. The presence of DUF581-9 significantly reduced SnRK1 activity in protoplasts and in vitro. This was accompanied by a reduction in T175 T-loop phosphorylation and also diminished KIN10 auto-phosphorylation. Furthermore, DUF581-9 reduced binding of the up-stream activating kinase GRIK2 to KIN10, explaining the reduced KIN10 T-loop phosphorylation. Ectopically expressed DUF581-9 protein was rapidly turned over by the proteasome when Arabidopsis plants were subjected to starvation treatment, likely releasing its inhibitory activity on the SnRK1 complex. Taken together, our results support a model in which DUF581-9 negatively regulates SnRK1 activity under energy sufficient conditions. Turnover over of the protein provides a rapid way for SnRK1 activation under energy deficit without the need of de-novo protein synthesis.

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“…The seed stores energy in form of starch, which is utilized during germination and early seedling development 21 . If the seedling germinates being shaded from light, the energy resources are used to power hypocotyl elongation, while other developmental and growth processes are reduced to ensure the cotyledons will reach light in time 32,33 .…”

Section: Continuous Tracking Of a Mutant Impaired In Hypocotyl Growth...mentioning

confidence: 99%

RaPiD-chamber: Easy to self-assemble live-imaging chamber with adjustable LEDs allows to track small differences in dynamic plant movement adaptation on tissue level

Kashkan

García-González

Lacek

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Plants rely on fine-tuning organ movement to ensure their survival and productivity. Even subtle loss of directional growth orchestration can result in a huge impact when the plant is impaired to adapt to everchanging environment, where it is exposed to manifold exogenous stimuli simultaneously. We present a newly designed chamber to obtain live images to track differences of organ growth and movement, called RaspberyPi Dark Chambers (RaPiD-chamber). The RaPiD-chamber is easy to self-assemble and cost efficient, and allows to monitor continuous growth of etiolated seedlings, as well their response to light of different wavelength and from chosen positions. We tested the advice by comparing hypocotyl elongation rate and response to unilateral white and blue light exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0. Additionally, we compared the elongation rate of etiolated hypocotyls between Col0 and kin10, a mutant lacking the catalytic subunit of the cellular signaling hub SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1). kin10 is known for its diminished ability to control hypocotyl elongation. We compared the growth dynamics of etiolated Col0 versus kin10 as a case study. Without further energy source supplementation to the growth medium the mutant cannot keep up with hypocotyl elongation. Additionally, continuous observation of the dark grown seedlings allowed us to determine a shift in the dynamics of apical hook angle formation for the mutant.

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The evolutionarily conserved kinase SnRK1 orchestrates resource mobilization during Arabidopsis seedling establishment

Cited by 35 publications

References 69 publications

Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death

Sugars and the speed of life—Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death

DUF581-9 (At2g44670; FLZ3) negatively regulates SnRK1 activity by interference with T-loop phosphorylation

RaPiD-chamber: Easy to self-assemble live-imaging chamber with adjustable LEDs allows to track small differences in dynamic plant movement adaptation on tissue level

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