The Evolutionary Relationships of Two Populations: A Study of the Guaymi and the Yanomama [and Comments and Reply]

Spielman, Richard S.; Migliazza, Ernest C.; Neel, James V.; Gershowitz, Henry; Araúz, Reina Torres de; Averill, B. K.; Birdsell, Joseph Benjamin; Crawford, Michael H.; Cruz-Coke, R; Curtain, C. C.; Majumder, Partha P.; Morton, N. E.; Pourchet, Maria; Ramos, Alcida Rita; Young, Philip D.

doi:10.1086/202275

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The exact limits of Guaymi distribution remain unclear (Young, 1971;Rivera, 1975). The map in Figure l a differs from that presented by us earlier (Spielman et al, 1979), as well as from those presented by other workers in this arena (eg, Helms and Loveland, 1976); here we have slightly modified the best available map by Young (1971), according to our own observations. In Panama, the group is located in the provinces of Chiriqui (San Felix, Tole, Remedios and San Lorenzo districts), Veraguas (Cafiazas, La Palma and Santa Fe districts), and Bocas del Tor0 (Chiriqui Grande district).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…la). This linguistic subdivision is paralleled by cultural (Young, 1971) and genetic divergence (Spielman et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Guaymi language is included in the Chibcha stock (Loukotka, 1968) and while there is still considerable difference of opinion concerning the number of linguistic subdivisions and the level of linguistic divergence within the Guaymi language (cf. Johnson, 1948b: Wassen, 1952: Young, 1971Spielman et al, 1979), it is quite possible to define two m a j o r s u b d i v i s i o n s , Guaymi proper (Ngawbere) and Bokota-Sabanero (Murire), corresponding in a rough way to western and eastern Guaymi, respectively ( Fig. la).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our own studies in this area have been focused primarily on the Guaymi (cf. Tanis et al, 1977;Spielman et al, 1979), following earlier explorations by Matson (Matson and Swan-son, 1965b;and Matson et al, 1965), because comparative analysis had indicated a possible relationship with the Yanomama (Fitch and Neel, 1969;Ward et al, 1975), an enigmatic lowland tribe of South America. More detailed examination of the Guaymi has now made it clear that a close link with the Yanomama is not tenable (Spielman et al, 1979), but the true genetic affinities of the Guaymi, who occupy a prominent position along the presumptive Central American entry corridor to South America, remain obscure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration and genetic infrastructure of the central american guaymi and their affinities with other tribal groups

Barrantes

Smouse

Neel

et al. 1982

American J Phys Anthropol

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New genetic data on 40 red cell enzymes, antigenic blood groups, and serum proteins representing 42 separate loci, are reported for two Guaymi communities in Southeastern Costa Rica. These two settlements, Limoncito and Abrojo, are of recent origin, having been established by Panamanian migrants in the last 50 years. Detailed data on the provenance of these migrants permits an analysis of how these settlement patterns differ from those typical of less acculturated Amerindians from the lowlands of South America. The genetic compositions of these two communities are compared with those of previous Panamanian Guaymi samples, and several points are established: (1) One of the localities, Limoncito, contains families from both Guaymi dialect groups (eastern and western), and the allelic frequencies are intermediate between those of the dialect groups. (2) The other settlement, Abrojo, is quite similar to the western Guaymi, as expected from historical reconstruction of its antecedents. (3) In general, the degree of infratribal genetic diversity is less than that found in lowland South American tribes, and the difference may be due to a diffuse settlement pattern among the Guaymi. (4) The Guaymi are also compared genetically with other tribes in low Central America and northern South America, and appear to be similar to their immediate Chibcha neighbors to the east and west. The implications of a pair of "private polymorphisms" are discussed in the context of the time of dialectic and tribal divergence in this zone.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…la). This linguistic subdivision is paralleled by cultural (Young, 1971) and genetic divergence (Spielman et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration and genetic infrastructure of the central american guaymi and their affinities with other tribal groups

Barrantes

Smouse

Neel

et al. 1982

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…In breast milk the concentrations of sodium ranged between 5-9 mEq/l and potassium between [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] mEq/l. These are similar to values reported for contemporary subjects.20…”

Section: Concentrations Of Sodium and Potassium In Serum And Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal adaptation to the stresses imposed upon sodium balance by pregnancy and lactation in the Yanomama Indians, a culture without salt.

Oliver¹,

Neel²,

Grekin³

et al. 1981

Circulation

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SUMMARY The Yanomama Indians of northern Brazil and southern Venezuela have been identified as a "'no-salt" culture. In this study, data were obtained to determine in this population the adjustments of sodiumrelated hormones to the stresses imposed upon sodium balance by pregnancy and prolonged lactation. Controls against the possibility that findings in the Yanomama were ethnic rather than dietary were provided by similar observations in the Guaymi Indians of Panama, who have free access to salt. Urinary concentrations of sodium were approximately 1 mEq/l in male and female Yanomama, with 24-hour excretion rates in the males averaging 1 mEq, similar to our prior observations. The pregnant Yanomama had exceeding high urinary concentrations of aldosterone. These were associated with higher plasma renin activities and serum aldosterone concentrations than in all other subjects. Although pregnant Guaymi had elevations of serum and urinary aldosterone, these were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of the Yanomama. Prolonged lactation in the Yanomama was associated with elevation of plasma renin activity and serum and urinary aldosterone concentration compared with the Guaymi, but were not higher than those in nonlactating Yanomama females. The findings suggest that pregnancy in a salt-poor environment is associated with an exaggerated augmentation of hormonal responses that enhance positive sodium balance.DURING PREGNANCY, there are marked increases in maternal peripheral blood of renin substrate, renin concentration, renin activity, angiotensin and angiotensinase.'-' Simultaneously, secretion and excretion of aldosterone increase.6`This interlocking hormonal system of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone has a major influence on sodium retention. The possible importance of these hormonal responses is emphasized by the fact that the products of normal pregnancy -fetus, placenta, associated membranes, and amniotic fluid, plus growth of breasts and uterus -have been estimated to require an accumulative retention of 500-700 mEq of sodium.8 9 The subsequent lactation, often extending over 2-3 years in unacculturated societies, results in a daily loss of 5-7 mEq of sodium/I of breast milk. We previously reported our observations on blood pressure and hormonal adjustments in male Yanomama Indians of northern Brazil and southern Venezuela, a group with no added dietary salt.'`In this follow-up, we present the results of an attempt to study in this same group From the

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Genetic structure of Quechua-speakers of the Central Andes and geographic patterns of gene frequencies in South Amerindian populations

Luiselli

Simoni

Tarazona‐Santos

et al. 2000

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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A sample of 141 Quechua-speaking individuals of the population of Tayacaja, in the Peruvian Central Andes, was typed for the following 16 genetic systems: ABO, Rh, MNSs, P, Duffy, AcP1, EsD, GLOI, PGM1, AK, 6-PGD, Hp, Gc, Pi, C3, and Bf. The genetic structure of the population was analyzed in relation to the allele frequencies available for other South Amerindian populations, using a combination of multivariate and multivariable techniques. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed independently for 13 alleles to identify patterns of gene flow in South America as a whole and in more specific geographic regions. We found a longitudinal cline for the AcP1*a and EsD*1 alleles which we interpreted as the result of an ancient longitudinal expansion of a putative ancestral population of modern Amerindians. Monmonnier's algorithm, used to identify areas of sharp genetic discontinuity, suggested a clear east-west differentiation of native South American populations, which was confirmed by analysis of the distribution of genetic distances. We suggest that this pattern of genetic structures is the consequence of the independent peopling of western and eastern South America or to low levels of gene flow between these regions, related to different environmental and demographic histories.

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The Evolutionary Relationships of Two Populations: A Study of the Guaymi and the Yanomama [and Comments and Reply]

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Migration and genetic infrastructure of the central american guaymi and their affinities with other tribal groups

Migration and genetic infrastructure of the central american guaymi and their affinities with other tribal groups

Hormonal adaptation to the stresses imposed upon sodium balance by pregnancy and lactation in the Yanomama Indians, a culture without salt.

Genetic structure of Quechua-speakers of the Central Andes and geographic patterns of gene frequencies in South Amerindian populations

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