The Evolving Regulatory Landscape for Fentanyl: China, India, and Global Drug Governance

Wang, Chao; Lassi, Nicholas; Zhang, Xiaohan; Sharma, Vinay

doi:10.3390/ijerph19042074

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The U.N. international drug control conventions of 1961, 1971, and 1988 also operate without class-wide controls for fentanyl and its precursors. Amending these agreements would be thorny, hence, a complementary and binding international treaty dedicated to the class-wide scheduling of fentanyl and its precursors, of which India would likely be a key participant, should also be forwarded (106).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating illicit fentanyl: Will increased Chinese regulation generate a public health crisis in India?

Wang

Lassi

2022

Front. Public Health

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This study examines how Chinese drug regulations are shifting illicit fentanyl production from China to India. This change has implications for the law, drug enforcement, pharmaceutical industry, and public health, as domestic production increases domestic access to fentanyl, in India. An empirical examination of current trends in fentanyl production and use in the region is conducted, along with an exegesis of the legal and regulatory systems in China and India. There is an accounting of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the strengths and weaknesses of drug legislation, and the public health consequences of increased production, distribution, and use of fentanyl in India. This study also details how the Indian government meets this challenge through legislative mechanisms, foremost through class-wide legislative control over fentanyl and its precursors. Class-wide control prohibits the unlawful production and distribution of all current and future fentanyl analogs and their precursors, disincentivizing and disrupting their development and production. The Indian government should also reduce domestic demand by promoting harm reduction measures such as opioid substitution therapy, evidence-based treatment, fentanyl test strip and naloxone distribution, and needle exchange programs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating illicit fentanyl: Will increased Chinese regulation generate a public health crisis in India?

Wang

Lassi

2022

Front. Public Health

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“…Pakistan, as the first stop for over 45% of the Afghan opium and heroin exported internationally (UNODC, 2013), is a central narcotics distribution hub. However, Pakistan's narcotics enforcement is weak and corrupt (Abbas, 2011;Anderson & Khan, 1994;Sharma, 2022), enabling the import and export of extreme quantities of opioids and methamphetamine (George & Warrick, 2022). Moreover, Pakistan lacks harm reduction services for its sizeable population of opioid users (George & Warrick, 2022;Shabbir, 2018;The Express Tribune, 2015).…”

Section: Foreign Drug Enforcement Assistance To Fulfill Narcotics Con...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incentivizing Narcotics Control Through China’s Belt and Road Initiative in South and Southeast Asia

Wang,

Lassi

2023

Journal of Developing Societies

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The production and distribution of narcotics in many states in South and Southeast Asia present significant challenges for China. Several of these states receive foreign investments and assistance through China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including a division of the BRI called the Health Silk Road (HSR). China has an opportunity to motivate these states to strengthen their narcotics control measures by adding conditionality clauses in the BRI/HSR investment agreements with these states. The suggested clauses could mandate measures such as improving drug enforcement, decommissioning production sites and distributors, increasing harm reduction and rehabilitation services, and establishing citizen complaint systems for narcotics issues. To ensure compliance, disincentives should be activated for states failing to meet narcotics control conditions.

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“…These synthesized fentanyl analogs are trafficked into the United States across land borders [7]. In addition to these main routes, the shipping channels for fentanyl are expected to diversify in coming years, with fentanyl now originating in India and other nations [7, 8, 10]. Attempts to stem the flow of illicit fentanyl in the United States have resulted in increases in international shipping regulations; however, they have not resulted in a decrease in fentanyl in the US drug market [11, 12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure sensitive adhesives and paper spray‐mass spectrometry for the collection and analysis of fentanyl‐related compounds from shipping materials

Prunty,

Carmany,

Dhummakupt

et al. 2023

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The rise of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in the drug supply pose serious threats to public health. Much of these compounds enter the United States through shipping routes. Here we provide a method for fentanyl screening and analysis that utilizes pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) lined paper to recover drug residues from parcel‐related surfaces. The paper used is commercially available repositionable notes (also called post‐it or sticky notes). From this paper, mass spectra were obtained by paper spray‐mass spectrometry (PS‐MS), where PSA paper served as both a sampling and analysis substrate. Seven fentanyl‐related compounds were analyzed: fentanyl, 4‐anilino‐N‐phenethylpiperidine (4‐ANPP), N,1‐diphenethyl‐N‐phenylpiperidin‐4‐amine (phenethyl‐4‐ANPP), valerylfentanyl, 4‐fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (4‐FIBF), carfentanil, and p‐fluorofentanyl. These compounds were recovered by PSA paper and identified by PS‐MS from packaging tape and plastic at 50 ng and from cardboard and shipping labels at 100 ng. The impact of cutting agents on PS‐MS analysis of fentanyl analogs was explored. No trends of analyte suppression were found at high concentrations of the cutting agents caffeine, diphenhydramine, and lidocaine when recovered from surfaces. A cartridge that required no precise cutting of PSA paper prior to sampling or analysis was evaluated for use in PS‐MS for fentanyl screening. Recovery and detection of fentanyl from plastic sheeting was demonstrated with this cut‐free cartridge. The cut‐free cartridge showed somewhat less consistency and lower analyte signal than the standard cartridge, but performance was suitable for potential screening applications. In combining PSA surface sampling with PS‐MS for drug screening, both sampling and detection of fentanyl‐related compounds is simple, rapid, and low‐cost.

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The Evolving Regulatory Landscape for Fentanyl: China, India, and Global Drug Governance

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Combating illicit fentanyl: Will increased Chinese regulation generate a public health crisis in India?

Combating illicit fentanyl: Will increased Chinese regulation generate a public health crisis in India?

Incentivizing Narcotics Control Through China’s Belt and Road Initiative in South and Southeast Asia

Pressure sensitive adhesives and paper spray‐mass spectrometry for the collection and analysis of fentanyl‐related compounds from shipping materials

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