The Exosome‐Mediated Bone Regeneration: An Advanced Horizon Toward the Isolation, Engineering, Carrying Modalities, and Mechanisms

Abstract

Exosomes, nanoparticles secreted by various cells, composed of a bilayer lipid membrane, and containing bioactive substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, etc., have been intensively investigated in tissue engineering owing to their high biocompatibility and versatile biofunction. However, there is still a lack of a high‐quality review on bone defect regeneration potentiated by exosomes. In this review, we will first introduce the biogenesis and isolation methods of exosomes, More importantly, the engineered exosomes of the current state of knowledge will be discussed intensively in this review. Afterward, the biomaterial carriers of exosomes and the mechanisms of bone repair elucidated by compelling evidence will be presented. Thus, future perspectives and concerns are revealed to help devise advanced modalities based on exosomes to overcome the challenges of bone regeneration. We totally believe this review will attract special attention from clinicians and provide promising ideas for their future works.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved