The exosomes released from different cell types and their effects in wound healing

Abstract

Despite important advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, still, wound healing remains a challenging clinical problem. Cell therapy has opened a new viewpoint in medicine as well as wound management, although it has some limitations. On the other hand, there are some hopes for the eliminated of cellular therapies limitations by "exosomes." The term "exosome" has been frequently used to describe all vesicles released by different cells into the extracellular environment and can influence tissue responses to injury, infection, immune system, and healing. Exosomes contain cytokines and growth factors, signaling lipids, mRNAs, and regulatory miRNAs that have been found in some body fluids and can be transferred between cells to mediating cell-to-cell communication and interactions. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that exosomes are one of the key secretory products of various cell type especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regulate many biological processes such wound healing. Hence, understanding these exosomes effects may help to improve wound management and highlight a new therapeutic model for cell-free therapies with decreased side effects for the wound repair.

Regenerative therapy for the nonhealing cutaneous wounds

“…EMVs derived from different sources demonstrated similar characteristics in wound healing. The topical or systemic use of exosomes and microvesicles showed their efficiency in non-healing wound treating at the same rate, as SCs did [74][75][76][77][78]. At the cellular level, EMVs administration has been found to enhance endothelial cell proliferation and migration, tube formation, promoting angiogenesis and blood vessel maturation, skin remodelling, resulting in suppressed myofibroblast accumulation and reduced scar formation in vivo.…”

Extracellular vesicles, news about their role in immune cells: physiology, pathology and diseases

“…Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis has demonstrated an enrichment of EVs in the plasma, which is important for the disease [40], while EVs containing interleukin (IL)-4 modulate neuro-inflammation [41]. In this case, the challenge is to consider the role of leucocyte EVs in the generation of the process and in its therapy [44]. In another disease of the central nervous system, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuronal degeneration is located in multiple areas.…”

“…Finally, wound healing remains a challenging clinical problem. In this case, the challenge is to consider the role of leucocyte EVs in the generation of the process and in its therapy [44].…”

Wound healing improvement by curcumin‐loaded electrospun nanofibers and BFP‐MSCs as a bioactive dressing

“…Skin has a significant role in different physiological functions as the biggest human body organ, such as preserving the body against the outside environment, homeostasis of body fluid, sensory recognition, vitamin D metabolism and self‐recovery. Due to different definitions, destruction of the skin anatomy is called “wound.” In daily pathology, skin wounds, along with initial and late concerns, have remained a complicated problem in clinical condition, showing a common morbidity cause and economic problems . For instance, over 6.5 million affected people who live in the United States were found to suffer from chronic wounds, which leads to an estimated surplus of healthcare costs of $25 billion .…”