The “exposure-based cross-sectional” study design: a novel observational study design applicable to rare exposures

Poorolajal, Jalal

doi:10.1080/24709360.2022.2095244

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…Though our study design was cross-sectional, the use of comparative arms and multivariable analyses strengthened rigour which was noted to be absent from previous pre–post study designs 7. The retrospective, exposure-based study design was a practical approach to inform policy-makers and programme managers who require timely data for decision-making but may not have the financial budgets to conduct prospective studies 24. Finally, we used objective questions to assess actual knowledge instead of midwives’ perceptions as was done previously9 to generate non-biased data for decision-makers involved in training programmes and quality of care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State

Ahmed,

Abdelrahim,

Gloyd

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo examine the long-term impact of large-scale training targeting midwives in a setting where they are the main female genital mutilation (FGM) practitioners. We hypothesised that trained midwives would have significantly higher knowledge, greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in this practice, and improved clinical practice in FGM prevention and care compared with non-trained midwives.DesignWe conducted an exposure based cross-sectional study, using closed-ended and open-ended questions during phone interviews.SettingKhartoum State in Sudan has a high prevalence of FGM (88%) mainly performed by midwives.ParticipantsMidwives who received (n=127) and did not receive FGM training (n=55).Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe developed primary outcomes aligned to the three levels (reaction, learning and behaviour) of Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model for descriptive and multivariable analyses in Stata.ResultsAll the midwives interviewed were female, mostly village midwives (92%) and worked in health centres (89%). The mean age and midwifery experience was 51 years (SD=10) and 23 years (SD=12), respectively. Overall, most midwives (>90%) reported being supportive of FGM discontinuation. Midwives who had FGM training were more aware that performing FGM violates code of conduct (p=0.001) and reported to always counsel patients to abandon FGM (p<0.001) compared with midwives who did not report training. However, these associations were not statistically significant in multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age. Exploratory analysis of training curricula showed higher knowledge, correct attitude and practices among those who reported in-service training before 2016.ConclusionThough past trainings were associated with higher knowledge and greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in FGM, this was not translated into appropriate corrective clinical procedures among affected women during labour. The Sudan Ministry of Health invested heavily in training midwives and it would be important to investigate why trained midwives do not implement recommended FGM-related clinical management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%