The Extent to Which Methyl Salicylate Is Required for Signaling Systemic Acquired Resistance Is Dependent on Exposure to Light after Infection

Liu, Po-Pu; Dahl, Caroline C. von; Klessig, Daniel F.

doi:10.1104/pp.111.187773

Cited by 116 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In plants which received little exposure to light after infection (before the dark/night period), SAR development was compromised by inhibition of MeSA synthesis (Liu et al, 2010). In contrast, when the primary infection was followed by 5 hrs or more of light exposure, MeSA played only an auxiliary role by adding to the strength of the SAR (Liu et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Dempsey

Vlot

Wildermuth

et al. 2011

The Arabidopsis Book

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Salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to regulate various aspects of growth and development; it also serves as a critical signal for activating disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species. This review surveys the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of this critical plant hormone. While a complete biosynthetic route has yet to be established, stressed Arabidopsis appear to synthesize SA primarily via an isochorismate-utilizing pathway in the chloroplast. A distinct pathway utilizing phenylalanine as the substrate also may contribute to SA accumulation, although to a much lesser extent. Once synthesized, free SA levels can be regulated by a variety of chemical modifications. Many of these modifications inactivate SA; however, some confer novel properties that may aid in long distance SA transport or the activation of stress responses complementary to those induced by free SA. In addition, a number of factors that directly or indirectly regulate the expression of SA biosynthetic genes or that influence the rate of SA catabolism have been identified. An integrated model, encompassing current knowledge of SA metabolism in Arabidopsis, as well as the influence other plant hormones exert on SA metabolism, is presented.

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Section: Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Dempsey

Vlot

Wildermuth

et al. 2011

The Arabidopsis Book

Self Cite

628

549

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“…As a plausible explanation, Liu et al (2011b) recently proposed that SAR is controlled by an interaction between at least two mobile signals, MeSA and a complex formed between the lipid transfer protein DIR1 and glycerolipid or lipid derivatives. Liu et al (2011a) also reported that the dependency of SAR on MeSA is determined by the light regime. When SAR was induced late in the day and plants received little light in subsequent hours, MeSA and its metabolizing enzymes were found to be essential for SAR.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Next-Generation Systemic Acquired Resistance

et al. 2011

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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant immune response to pathogen attack. Recent evidence suggests that plant immunity involves regulation by chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation. We investigated whether SAR can be inherited epigenetically following disease pressure by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000). Compared to progeny from control-treated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; C 1 ), progeny from PstDC3000-inoculated Arabidopsis (P 1 ) were primed to activate salicylic acid (SA)-inducible defense genes and were more resistant to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and PstDC3000. This transgenerational SAR was sustained over one stress-free generation, indicating an epigenetic basis of the phenomenon. Furthermore, P 1 progeny displayed reduced responsiveness of jasmonic acid (JA)-inducible genes and enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. This shift in SA-and JAdependent gene responsiveness was not associated with changes in corresponding hormone levels. Instead, chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that SA-inducible promoters of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1, WRKY6, and WRKY53 in P 1 plants are enriched with acetylated histone H3 at lysine 9, a chromatin mark associated with a permissive state of transcription. Conversely, the JA-inducible promoter of PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 showed increased H3 triple methylation at lysine 27, a mark related to repressed gene transcription. P 1 progeny from the defense regulatory mutant non expressor of PR1 (npr1)-1 failed to develop transgenerational defense phenotypes, demonstrating a critical role for NPR1 in expression of transgenerational SAR. Furthermore, the drm1drm2cmt3 mutant that is affected in non-CpG DNA methylation mimicked the transgenerational SAR phenotype. Since PstDC3000 induces DNA hypomethylation in Arabidopsis, our results suggest that transgenerational SAR is transmitted by hypomethylated genes that direct priming of SA-dependent defenses in the following generations.

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“…For example duration of light radiation after bacterial infiltration influences the quality of signal transduction pathway(s) activation and the strength of SAR development afterwards (Attaran et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2011a). Moreover, lack of light (darkness) can completely inhibit bacterium-induced hypersensitive response and development of SAR and accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) in distant leaves in Arabidopsis (Zeier et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Effect Of Different Light Sources On Sar Induction Capacmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sometimes the accurate detection of lesion with small diameter (under 1 mm) in the plants with SAR was not possible (Pallas et al, 1996). Later studies under artificial but regulated light conditions reported only 25-45% decrease in the mean of viral (TMV) lesion diameter after SAR induction (Manosalva et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2011aLiu et al, , 2011bNagy et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Artificial Light Conditions on Local and Systemic Resistance Response of Tobacco to TMV Infection

Nagy¹,

Jung

Varga

et al. 2017

Not Bot Horti Agrobo

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Our and literature studies indicated that systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is effectively inducible in greenhouse, and certain artificial light sources cause non-optimal growth of tobacco plants. Therefore, the morphological characteristics, local and systemic resistance response of N. tabacum cv. 'Xanthi' nc plants (harbouring NN resistance genes) to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection under three artificial light sources with different spectral distribution were compared with greenhouse conditions. Statistical analysis of data was carried out by R package (R Core Team, 2015). Generally, artificial light sources (especially fluorescent tube and halogen lamp) decreased the local resistance response and caused substantial morphological and developmental differences as compared to greenhouse conditions when plants were kept during their entire life (lifelong experimental regime) under these conditions. On the contrary, no or much less differences were found when plants were transferred from greenhouse to artificial light sources only at six leaf stage (short experimental regime). While induction of SAR frequently decreased TMV lesion size by about 50-60% under greenhouse conditions, two of the three artificial light sources, fluorescent tube and halogen lamp were substantially and significantly less effective under short experimental regime conditions (25-35%). A metal halide light source with similarity to sunshine's spectral distribution, however, partially mimicked the effect of greenhouse conditions indicating the importance of light spectrum among other factors in SAR induction and prevention of distorted growth of plants. Consequently, the optimization of the effect of artificial light sources is an important factor in experimental design studying signal transduction and biochemistry of SAR.

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The Extent to Which Methyl Salicylate Is Required for Signaling Systemic Acquired Resistance Is Dependent on Exposure to Light after Infection

Cited by 116 publications

References 34 publications

Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Next-Generation Systemic Acquired Resistance

Effect of Artificial Light Conditions on Local and Systemic Resistance Response of Tobacco to TMV Infection

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