The extent to which the domestic conditions of cocoa farmers in Bougainville impede livelihoods

Walton, Merrilyn; Hall, Jessica; Ogtrop, Floris van; Guest, David; Black, Kirsten; Beardsley, Justin; Totavun, Clement; Hill-Cawthorne, Grant A.

doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100142

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“… 17 While a range of factors can influence cocoa production, our research suggests that high levels of poor health and nutrition play a considerable role in the ARoB. 11 13 Similar links have been drawn by other studies involving smallholder cocoa farmers. 15 18 Persistent poor health and nutrition are major factors underpinning farmers’ capacity to improve cocoa yield, sales and income.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Factors influencing undernutrition among children under 5 years from cocoa-growing communities in Bougainville

et al. 2020

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Half the children under the age of 5 years in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are undernourished, more than double the global average with rural areas disproportionately affected. This study examines factors associated with stunting, wasting and underweight in cocoa growers’ children (<5 years) in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARoB), using data from a comprehensive 2017 cross-sectional livelihoods survey. Sixteen independent predictors for stunting, wasting and underweight were selected based on the UNICEF Conceptual Framework of Determinants of Undernutrition. We used multilevel logistic mixed regression models to measure the association of the explanatory variables with stunting, wasting and underweight. At the household level, the adjusted OR (aOR) of stunting (aOR=1.71,95% CI 1.14 to 2.55) and underweight (aOR=2.11, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.82) increased significantly among children from households with unimproved toilet facilities. The aOR for underweight also increased among children from households without access to clean drinking water (aOR=1.97, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.29). Short maternal stature was significantly associated with child stunting, the odds increased as maternal height decreased (from 150 to <155 cm, aOR=1.52, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.26) (<150 cm, aOR=2.37, 95% CI 1.29 to 4.35). At the individual level, the odds of a child being underweight increased with birth order (second born, aOR=1.92, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.36; third born, aOR=6.77, 95% CI 2.00 to 22.82). Compared with children less than 6 months, children aged 6–23 months and 24–59 months had a higher odds of being stunted (aOR=3.27, 95% CI 1.57 to 6.78 and aOR=2.82, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.67) and underweight (aOR=4.83, 95% CI 1.36 to 17.24 and aOR=4.59, 95% CI 1.29 to 16.26). No variables were found to be significant for wasting. Interventions that simultaneously target key life stages for women and children and the underlying social and environmental determinants are required for sustained improvements to undernutrition.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Factors influencing undernutrition among children under 5 years from cocoa-growing communities in Bougainville

et al. 2020

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“…It is inferred, therefore, that maintaining and expanding the harvested area of cocoa does not occur in a vacuum, it is a system that is part of an ecosystem, in which humans, plants, soil, animals, and the environment interact [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model to Estimate Determinants of an Area Harvested in Cocoa Production Systems

Manrique,

Trujillo,

Arias Barrera

2023

TEM Journal

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The stakeholders of the cocoa sector should be introduced with determinants that influence an area of cocoa harvest. Objective of the study is to identify the determinants of a harvested area in small cocoa production units in Huila. A correlational method, cross section, and quantitative approach was used with data from the last National agricultural census. Results of the study revealed that major area does not use credit, advice and irrigation increase the area while the organic fertilization is positive. Those displaced by violence have less harvest area and the primary and secondary sectors are positively associated with an increase in area. It can be concluded that the determinants of harvested area identified in this study exhibit a low management behavior in the agronomic practices of cocoa producers that limit the expansion of the harvested area in Huila. This aspect affects the medium and long-term economic sustainability of this agricultural activity. Therefore, continuous training and education of the producers are essential in order to improve this problematic situation.

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“…A study by Walton et al (2020) pointed out that the rudimentary design made for farmers responds to their needs and describes how no-cocoa growers thrive in zones where it is most likely to have rudimentary housing, unimproved toilet facilities, and unsafe water. These results support the complexity of cocoa farms and the need for the appropriate develop sustainable strategies to guarantee the success of small cocoa growers.…”

Section: Multiple Correspondence Analysis (Mca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic analysis of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) agroforest in a tropical dry forest

Solarte-Guerrero

Possú

Navia

2023

rcia

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The characterization of production systems is important to determine limitations and potentialities that allow their management. This type of diagnosis has not been carried out in the study region; therefore, there is no information on cocoa-based agroforestry systems. Therefore, traditional cocoa farms in the municipality of Los Andes, department of Nariño (Colombia), were social and economically characterized. Basic information was reviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied to a stratified random sample of 60 cocoa farmers. Eighteen qualitative and 20 quantitative variables were analyzed simultaneously with multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). In the PCA, five components explained 58.7% of the variability. The variables with the highest contribution were farm area, income from cocoa yields, income from agricultural production other than cocoa, and family labor. In the MCA, 11 components explained 58.43% of the variability. The most important components were farmers' schooling, transport type, loans, marketing, technical assistance, gender, land tenure, production systems, roads, and domestic animals. Finally, topographic and climatic conditions, inadequate roads and marketing of cocoa and the low adoption of technologies limit the competitiveness of the cocoa farms, hence the need to create favorable conditions to enhance the potential of cocoa agroforests.

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The extent to which the domestic conditions of cocoa farmers in Bougainville impede livelihoods

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Factors influencing undernutrition among children under 5 years from cocoa-growing communities in Bougainville

Factors influencing undernutrition among children under 5 years from cocoa-growing communities in Bougainville

Model to Estimate Determinants of an Area Harvested in Cocoa Production Systems

Socioeconomic analysis of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) agroforest in a tropical dry forest

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