The first clinical X-ray made in America--100 years.

Spiegel, P

doi:10.2214/ajr.164.1.7998549

Cited by 62 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Minimisation of the function L delivers the multimodal image signals u x , u y , T and D. From the speckle displacement (u x , u y ), the refraction angle (α x , α y ) can be obtained via Equation (6).…”

Section: Single-shot X-ray Speckle-tracking Mode (Xst)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where h is a small displacement andī r andō r+h are the mean values of the sample and reference vectors, respectively, for the pixel r. The position of the correlation peak u = arg max h γ(i r , o r+h ) gives the displacement u = (u x , u y ) of the speckle pattern due to refraction in the sample, which can then be converted into a refraction angle signal using Equation (6). Here, arg max stands for "arguments of the maxima" and arg max h γ(i r , o r+h ) corresponds to the displacement h for which γ(i r , o r+h ) reaches its maximum value.…”

Section: X-ray Speckle-vector Tracking (Xsvt) and Mixed Xsvt Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The local speckle displacement (u x , u y ), transmission T and dark-field signal D are obtained directly from the reconstruction, and the refraction angle can be calculated from the displacement using Equation (6).…”

Section: Unified Modulated Pattern Analysis (Umpa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radiography [3][4][5][6] and a few decades later computed tomography (CT) [7][8][9] quickly became routine methods in clinics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State of the Art of X-ray Speckle-Based Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging

Zdora

2018

J. Imaging

105

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Abstract:In the past few years, X-ray phase-contrast and dark-field imaging have evolved to be invaluable tools for non-destructive sample visualisation, delivering information inaccessible by conventional absorption imaging. X-ray phase-sensing techniques are furthermore increasingly used for at-wavelength metrology and optics characterisation. One of the latest additions to the group of differential phase-contrast methods is the X-ray speckle-based technique. It has drawn significant attention due to its simple and flexible experimental arrangement, cost-effectiveness and multimodal character, amongst others. Since its first demonstration at highly brilliant synchrotron sources, the method has seen rapid development, including the translation to polychromatic laboratory sources and extension to higher-energy X-rays. Recently, different advanced acquisition schemes have been proposed to tackle some of the main limitations of previous implementations. Current applications of the speckle-based method range from optics characterisation and wavefront measurement to biomedical imaging and materials science. This review provides an overview of the state of the art of the X-ray speckle-based technique. Its basic principles and different experimental implementations as well as the the latest advances and applications are illustrated. In the end, an outlook for anticipated future developments of this promising technique is given.

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Section: Single-shot X-ray Speckle-tracking Mode (Xst)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: X-ray Speckle-vector Tracking (Xsvt) and Mixed Xsvt Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Unified Modulated Pattern Analysis (Umpa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radiography [3][4][5][6] and a few decades later computed tomography (CT) [7][8][9] quickly became routine methods in clinics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

State of the Art of X-ray Speckle-Based Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging

Zdora

2018

J. Imaging

105

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“…However, the history of modern medical imaging, i.e. purely non-invasive techniques that yield planar sections or 3D representations of the inside of a patient, started in the late 19 th century with the discovery and development of radiography [164], where the patient is exposed to an X-ray source and the intensity of X-radiation is measured after it has passed through him, yielding a planar image that represents the radiation attenuation coefficients within the body that may, in turn, be related to different types of tissue.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Petmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a data acquisition architecture with distributed synchronization for a Positron Emission Tomography system with integrated front-end.

Varea¹,

Ramón²

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a non-invasive nuclear medical imaging modality that makes it possible to observe the distribution of metabolic substances within a patient's body after marking them with radioactive isotopes and arranging an annular scanner around him in order to detect their decays. The main applications of this technique are the detection and tracing of tumors in cancer patients and metabolic studies with small animals.The Electronic Design for Nuclear Applications (EDNA) research group within the Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M) has been involved in the study of high performance PET systems and maintains a small experimental setup with two detector modules. This thesis is framed within the necessity of developing a new data acquisition system (DAQ) for the aforementioned setup that corrects the drawbacks of the existing one. The main objective is to define a DAQ architecture that is completely scalable, modular, and guarantees the mobility and the possibility of reusing its components, so that it admits any extension of modification of the setup and it is possible to export it directly to the configurations used by other groups or experiments. At the same time, this architecture should be compatible with the best possible resolutions attainable at the present instead of imposing artificial limits on system performance. In particular, the new DAQ system should outperform the previous one.As a first step, a general study of DAQ architectures is carried out in the context of experimental setups for PET and other high energy physics applications. On one hand, the conclusion is reached that the desired specifications require early digitization of detector signals, exclusively digital communication between modules, and the absence of a centralized trigger. On the other hand, the necessity of a very precise distributed synchronization scheme between modules becomes apparent, with errors in the order of 100 ps, and operating directly over the data links. A study of the existing methods reveals their severe limitations in terms of achievable precision. A theoretical analysis of the situation is carried out with the goal of overcoming them, and a new synchronization algorithm is proposed that is able to reach the desired resolution while getting rid of the restrictions on clock iii alignment that are imposed by virtually all usual schemes. Since the measurement of clock phase difference plays a crucial role in the proposed algorithm, extensions to the existing methods are defined and analyzed that improve them significantly. The proposed scheme for synchronism is validated using commercial evaluation boards.Taking the proposed synchronization method as a starting point, a DAQ architecture for PET is defined that is composed of two types of module (acquisition and concentration) whose replication makes it possible to arrange a hierarchic system of arbitrary size, and circuit boards are designed and commissioned that implement a realization of the architecture for the...

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The visible human dataset: The anatomical platform for human simulation

Spitzer

Whitlock²

1998

Anat. Rec.

227

141

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One goal of a medical school education is to teach the anatomy of the living human. With the exception of some surface anatomy, the morphology education that goes on during a surgical procedure, and patient observation, live human anatomy is most often taught by simulation. Medical anatomy courses utilize cadavers to approximate the live human. Case-based curricula simulate a patient and present symptoms, signs, and history to mimic reality for the future practitioner. Radiology has provided images of the morphology, function, and metabolism of living humans but with images foreign to most novice observers. With the Visible Human database, computer simulation of the live human body will provide revolutionary transformations in anatomical education.

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The first clinical X-ray made in America--100 years.

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

State of the Art of X-ray Speckle-Based Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging

State of the Art of X-ray Speckle-Based Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging

Development of a data acquisition architecture with distributed synchronization for a Positron Emission Tomography system with integrated front-end.

The visible human dataset: The anatomical platform for human simulation

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