The First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Thailand (2021): Epidemiological Features and Spatio-Temporal Analysis

Arjkumpa, Orapun; Suwannaboon, Minta; Boonrod, Manoch; Punyawan, Issara; Liangchaisiri, Supawadee; Laobannue, Patchariya; Lapchareonwong, Chayanun; Sansri, Chaiwat; Kuatako, Noppasorn; Panyasomboonying, Pawares; Uttarak, Ponkrit; Buamithup, Noppawan; Sansamur, Chalutwan; Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.799065

Cited by 48 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Although LSDV has spread from Africa to the Middle East and East Europe since 2012, the disease only reached East and South Asia in 2019, affecting China, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Vietnam, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Myanmar [ 38 , 39 ]. The first suspected LSD cases in Nepal were reported in June 2020 in the Morang district near the Indian border and were confirmed by molecular techniques [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of the 2020 Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Nepal

Koirala¹,

Meki

Maharjan³

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle and buffaloes transmitted by blood-feeding vectors and causes high morbidity and low-to-moderate mortality. Since the first observation of LSD in Zambia in 1929, it has spread in cattle populations across African countries, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. Following the recent outbreaks of LSD in South Asian countries such as India and Bangladesh, the disease was first reported in cattle farms in Nepal in June 2020. This study investigated the Nepalese LSD outbreak and confirmed that the disease spread rapidly to three neighboring districts in a month, infecting 1300 animals. Both cattle and buffaloes showed common clinical signs of LSD, with the exception that the buffaloes presented small nodular lesions without centered ulcerations. The collected samples were first tested for the presence of LSDV by real-time PCR. We further applied molecular tools, RPO30, GPCR, EEV glycoprotein gene, and B22R, for additional characterization of the LSDV isolates circulating in Nepal. Using a PCR-based Snapback assay, we confirmed that samples collected from cattle and buffaloes were positive of LSDV. Furthermore, sequence analysis (phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignments) of four selected LSDV genes revealed that the Nepal LSDVs resemble the Bangladesh and Indian isolates and the historic isolates from Kenya. We also highlight the importance of a unique B22R gene region harboring single-nucleotide insertions in LSDV Neethling and LSDV KSGPO-240 vaccine strains, enabling us to differentiate them from the Nepalese isolates and other fields isolates. This study demonstrates the importance of disease surveillance and the need to determine the source of the disease introduction, the extent of spread, modes of transmission, and the necessary control measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of the 2020 Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Nepal

Koirala¹,

Meki

Maharjan³

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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“…All dairy cattle on each farm that participated in the study were examined by veterinarians for clinical signs of LSD. Similar to a previous report ( 23 ), an LSD animal case was defined as a dairy cow displaying the LSD clinical signs, which include raised firm nodules with a diameter of 1–7 cm on the head and/or body surface areas. Notably, veterinarians conducting outbreak investigations did not collect animal samples to confirm LSD infections.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data collected by livestock authorities as part of the LSD outbreak investigation and control program in March 2022 revealed that the total number of beef and dairy cattle affected by LSD was 609,073, and 12,317, respectively ( 22 ). During the outbreaks, both beef and dairy cattle were affected by LSD, which resulted in poor health and decreased production ( 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are very few reports on the epidemiology of LSD in Thailand. Even though a study of the spatio-temporal pattern of the outbreak in beef cattle farms was carried out ( 23 ), studies on the epidemiology of LSD outbreaks in dairy farms remain limited, allowing several knowledge gaps, particularly on how the LSD outbreaks distributed among dairy farms in terms of space and time. The findings of the study in beef farming areas ( 23 ) may not be extrapolated to dairy farming areas because beef and dairy cattle farms in Thailand are managed differently ( 31 , 32 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though a study of the spatio-temporal pattern of the outbreak in beef cattle farms was carried out ( 23 ), studies on the epidemiology of LSD outbreaks in dairy farms remain limited, allowing several knowledge gaps, particularly on how the LSD outbreaks distributed among dairy farms in terms of space and time. The findings of the study in beef farming areas ( 23 ) may not be extrapolated to dairy farming areas because beef and dairy cattle farms in Thailand are managed differently ( 31 , 32 ). Furthermore, the spatial distributions of beef and dairy farms differ, with the majority of dairy farming areas being densely populated with dairy farms and beef farms being sparsely populated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatio-temporal patterns of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in dairy farms in northeastern Thailand

et al. 2022

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In 2021–2022, there were numerous outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) affecting cattle farms across Thailand. This circumstance was the country's first encounter with an LSD outbreak. Thus, a better understanding of LSD epidemiology is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal patterns of the LSD outbreaks in dairy farming areas. Data from LSD outbreak investigations collected from dairy farms in Khon Kean province, northeastern Thailand, were analyzed using spatio-temporal models including space-time permutation, Poisson, and Bernoulli models. LSD outbreaks were found in 133 out of 152 dairy farms from May to July, 2021. The majority of dairy farms (n = 102) were affected by the LSD outbreaks in June. The overall herd attack, morbidity and mortality rates were 87, 31, and 0.9%, respectively. According to the results of all models, the most likely clusters were found in the northern part of the study area. The space-time permutation and Poisson model identified 15 and 6 spatio-temporal outbreak clusters, respectively, while the Bernoulli model detected only one cluster. The most likely clusters from those models cover radii of 1.59, 4.51, and 4.44 km, respectively. All farms included in the cluster identified by the space-time permutation model were also included in the cluster identified by the Poisson model, implying that both models detected the same outbreak area. Furthermore, the study results suggested that farmers who own farms within a one km radius of the LSD outbreak farm should be advised to implement more stringent insect vector control measures to prevent disease spread. This study provides better insights into the spatio-temporal pattern of clusters of LSD in the outbreak area. The findings of this study can support authorities in formulating strategies to prevent and control future outbreaks as well as prioritizing resource allocation to high-risk areas.

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