The First Use of Penicillin in the United States

Grossman, Charles M.

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00009

Cited by 43 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Sensitivity was greater for CRC detection (19 cohort studies),91 which was estimated at 25–96% (with specificity at 80–99%) for Hemoccult II ® and at 62–79% (with specificity at 87–96%) for Hemoccult Sensa ® . When comparing the rehydrated and non-rehydrated FOB studies done, sensitivity was 25–89% (with specificity at 80–99%) for rehydrated samples and 25–89% (with specificity at 92–96%) for non-rehydrated samples 91…”

Section: Crc: Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The systematic review carried out by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF),91 which included studies until 2007 and was based on two cohort studies (106,107 cases), point out that the sensitivity of Hemoccult Sensa ® was higher for CRC than Hemoccult II ® (64–80%), but specificity was lower (87–90%). Nonetheless, both the systematic CRC review and the USPSTF show that reference Hemoccult Sensa ® data are scarce 91,92.…”

Section: Crc: Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, both the systematic CRC review and the USPSTF show that reference Hemoccult Sensa ® data are scarce 91,92. When specificity lowers, there are more false positives, which increase the risk of having to do further research (colonoscopy).…”

Section: Crc: Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary and Secondary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

López

Albero

Rodríguez-Montes

2014

Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol

115

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INTRODUCTIONCancer is a worldwide problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer in men, after lung and prostate cancer, and is the second most frequent cancer in women after breast cancer. It is also the third cause of death in men and women separately, and is the second most frequent cause of death by cancer if both genders are considered together. CRC represents approximately 10% of deaths by cancer. Modifiable risk factors of CRC include smoking, physical inactivity, being overweight and obesity, eating processed meat, and drinking alcohol excessively. CRC screening programs are possible only in economically developed countries. However, attention should be paid in the future to geographical areas with ageing populations and a western lifestyle.19,20 Sigmoidoscopy screening done with people aged 55–64 years has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of CRC by 33% and mortality by CRC by 43%.OBJECTIVETo assess the effect on the incidence and mortality of CRC diet and lifestyle and to determine the effect of secondary prevention through early diagnosis of CRC.METHODOLOGY: A comprehensive search of Medline and Pubmed articles related to primary and secondary prevention of CRC and subsequently, a meta-analysis of the same blocks are performed.RESULTS225 articles related to primary or secondary prevention of CRC were retrieved. Of these 145 were considered valid on meta-analysis: 12 on epidemiology, 56 on diet and lifestyle, and over 77 different screenings for early detection of CRC. Cancer is a worldwide problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. There is no doubt whatsoever which environmental factors, probably diet, may account for these cancer rates. Excessive alcohol consumption and cholesterol-rich diet are associated with a high risk of colon cancer. A diet poor in folic acid and vitamin B6 is also associated with a higher risk of developing colon cancer with an overexpression of p53. Eating pulses at least three times a week lowers the risk of developing colon cancer by 33%, after eating less meat, while eating brown rice at least once a week cuts the risk of CRC by 40%. These associations suggest a dose–response effect. Frequently eating cooked green vegetables, nuts, dried fruit, pulses, and brown rice has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal polyps. High calcium intake offers a protector effect against distal colon and rectal tumors as compared with the proximal colon. Higher intake of dairy products and calcium reduces the risk of colon cancer. Taking an aspirin (ASA) regularly after being diagnosed with colon cancer is associated with less risk of dying from this cancer, especially among people who have tumors with COX-2 overexpression.16 Nonetheless, these data do not contradict the data obtained on a possible genetic predisposition, even in sporadic or non-hereditary CRC. CRC is susceptible to screening because it is a serious health problem g...

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Section: Crc: Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crc: Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary and Secondary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

López

Albero

Rodríguez-Montes

2014

Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol

115

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“…That study opened the door for manufacture of penicillin on a large scale, which then led to more-widespread experimentation and use. Soon, the first dose of penicillin was administered in the United States at then-New Haven Hospital (now Yale-New Haven Hospital), and its miraculous effects on a patient’s clinical status were described as “black magic” by a senior consultant on the case (14, 21). Production of penicillin gradually increased to the point of allowing larger-scale clinical trials, including one of 172 patients in the United Kingdom and one of 500 patients in the United States in which the drug was shown to be generally safe and effective when given intravenously (22, 23).…”

Section: History Of Antibiotic Development From Penicillin To Streptomentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of Combination Therapy for Tuberculosis: Lessons for Future Antimicrobial Development and Application

Kerantzas

Jacobs

2017

mBio

153

102

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Tuberculosis is a global health problem that causes the death of approximately 1.5 million people worldwide each year (WHO, p. 1–126, Global Tuberculosis Report, 2015). Treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis requires combination antimicrobial therapy with a minimum of four antimicrobial agents applied over the course of 6 months. The first instance of combination antimicrobial therapy applied to tuberculosis was the joint use of streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid as documented by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1950. These antimicrobial drugs were the product of many decades of investigation into both organism-derived antibiotics and synthetic chemotherapy and were the first agents in those respective categories to show substantial clinical efficacy and widespread use for tuberculosis. The events leading to the discovery and application of these two agents demonstrate that investments in all aspects of research, from basic science to clinical application, are necessary for the continued success of science in finding treatments for human disease. This observation is especially worth considering given the expanded role that combination therapy may play in combating the current rise in resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

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“…The current situation with end‐of‐life care in the USA is deeply rooted in the pharmacology and technology explosion that began in health care nearly 70 years ago. Beginning in 1942, with the introduction of penicillin (Grossman 2008), antibiotics allowed individuals to survive infectious diseases and develop chronic diseases. Research on the management of cardiovascular disease further transformed the healthcare landscape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%