The flavor test is a sensitive tool in identifying the flavor sensorineural dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease

Rosa, Anna De; Nettore, Immacolata Cristina; Cantone, Elena; Maione, Luigi; Desiderio, Silvio; Peluso, Silvio; Saccà, Francesco; Manganelli, Fiore; Bruzzese, Dario; Colao, Annamaria; Michele, Giuseppe De; Macchia, Paolo Emidio

doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03842-2

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The test is able to combine information on smell through the retronasal pathway, providing integrated information with the taste through the oral cavity. The test has been used to investigate the flavor recognition capacity in patients with endocrine [18] and neurological diseases [19]. By means of this test, it has been demonstrated that flavor is severely impaired in patients with Kallmann syndrome and in patients with Parkinson's disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population

Nettore

Maione

Desiderio

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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(1) Background: Flavor is one of the main factors influencing food preferences and dietary choices, and a reduction in flavor recognition has been associated with several diseases. A novel quantitative test to assess flavor has been recently developed and validated. The aim of the present work was to define the standard of flavor recognition in the general healthy population. (2) Methods: Three hundred and forty-eight healthy volunteers (18–80 years) performed the flavor test (FT). The test consisted of the oral administration of aqueous aromatic solutions, identifying 21 different compounds. Flavor score (FS) was calculated as the sum of the properly recognized flavors (range 0–21). (3) Results: Normal ranges for FT were produced. Flavor recognition was found to decrease with age. Females obtained slightly higher scores than males, mostly at older ages. Cigarette smoking seemed not to influence flavor recognition. (4) Conclusion: The normal values found for the flavor test in the healthy population will allow its usage as a diagnostic tool in several diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population

Nettore

Maione

Desiderio

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…[16][17][18][19] Therefore, 19 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis (Figure 1, Supplementary Table S1). 7,10,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] No studies were found to have a high risk of bias after performing a quality assessment using the NOS (Supplementary Table S2).…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the various methods, the taste strip test was the most common taste-testing method (seven studies). 20,21,23,27,32,34,36 Questionnaires were the second most common method (five studies), 24,25,30,31,35 followed by taste solution tests (three studies) 10,22,28 and PTU/PTC perception tests (two studies). 7,29 One study used taste spray scores, 26 and another performed an EGM.…”

Section: Frequency Analysis On Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gustatory dysfunction is related to Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kwak

Kim

Min

2023

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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BackgroundOlfactory dysfunction has been reported to be involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. However, gustatory dysfunction in PD has not been evaluated as in‐depth as olfactory dysfunction. We reviewed the previously published studies regarding gustatory function in PD patients and suggested the possibility that gustatory dysfunction may also be associated with PD.MethodsMEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched for studies evaluating gustatory function in PD patients. We used the standardized mean difference and a 95% confidence interval (CI) as the effect analysis index regarding the taste strip test. The relative risk and 95% CI were used as the effect analysis index for the questionnaires and propylthiouracil (PTU)/phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) perception test. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using forest plots, Cochran's Q, and the I2 statistic; heterogeneity was considered high when I2 was over 75%. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and the Egger bias test.ResultsWe identified 19 articles that reported the results of gustatory function tests in PD patients and healthy controls. Most of these studies used various gustatory tests, including taste strips, questionnaires, taste solutions, PTU/PTC perception tests, and electrogustometry, and reported significantly lower gustatory function in PD patients than in the controls. However, several articles reported contradictory results.ConclusionsBased on these studies, gustatory dysfunction is closely related to PD. However, the number of studies and enrolled subjects was small, and a unified gustatory function test was lacking. Therefore, further studies with larger populations and normalized gustatory function tests are needed.

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“…It is thought to be a consequence of the deposition of abnormal protein aggregates such as alpha-synuclein in olfactory bulbs ( 314 ). Taste impairment in PD has not been as well documented as taste disturbances are often considered secondary to hyposmia ( 296 , 315 ). In one longitudinal study, taste impairment, though stable, was a persistent finding based on TST.…”

Section: Diseases Of the Tongue And Systemic Diseases That May Be Ref...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction

Doyle

Premathilake

Yao

et al. 2023

Physiological Reviews

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The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature as regards taste mechanisms is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, the presence, and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as addressing the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.

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The flavor test is a sensitive tool in identifying the flavor sensorineural dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population

Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population

Gustatory dysfunction is related to Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction

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