The “Framework Exchange”-Strategy-Based MOF Platform for Biodegradable Multimodal Therapy

Abstract

Despite all the efforts to develop an ideal technology for cancer treatment, vital parameters, such as reducing the adverse effects and improving treatment efficiency, still require significant improvement. For this purpose, the rational design of a smart stimuli-responsive and fully biodegradable delivery system is of great significance. By using ZIF-8 nanoparticles as a sacrificial template, black phosphorous quantum dots (BPQDs) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) were successfully encapsulated into HKUST-1@MIL-100. In cancerous cells, the high glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels trigger the sequential reaction to rebuild the redox equilibrium and stimulate the continuous production of NO and hydroxyl radicals. As a result, the MOFs serve not only as carriers and contrast agents but also as the catalysts for the generation of NO and $OH, which results in maximum atomic efficiency. Finally, the nanosystem completely degrades into small molecules and is excreted from the body.

Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Triggered Ion Exchange of a Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid for Multimodal Imaging and Synergistic Therapy of Tumors

“…In the last few decades, metal–organic framework (MOF) nanomaterials have witnessed the development of nanotheranostic platforms. [ 26–30 ] For the high porosity and large surface area, many biocompatible MOF nanomaterials (e.g., MIL‐100, MIL‐101, ZIF‐8, etc.) have been used to carry small‐molecule theranostic agents.…”

A Versatile Calcium Phosphate Nanogenerator for Tumor Microenvironment‐activated Cancer Synergistic Therapy

“…For the delivery and release of extraneous NO to the tumor, the selection of NO donor is particularly important. Up to now, many kinds of NO donors, including S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, [9] dinitrosyl iron complex, [10] sodium nitroprusside, [12,13] S-nitrosothiol, [7,14] S-nitrosoglutathione, [15] N-diazeniumdiolates, [16] l-Arginine (L-Arg), [8,17,18] and so on, [19][20][21] have been reported that can release NO under endogenous (e.g., glutathione, enzymes, pH, H 2 O 2 ) or exogenous stimuli (e.g., near-infrared light irradiation, ultrasound irradiation). Among them, as a semiessential amino acid to the body, L-Arg is a potential NO donor with excellent biocompatibility.…”

Recent Advances in Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks Towards Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity: An Overview

“…A MIL-100(Fe) outer shell was added and nitrosogluthanione [ Appendix 1 . (entry 19)] was loaded into the pores to form HKUST-1@MIL-100(Fe) nMOFs (denoted G-BHM) [ 94 ]. In the presence of H 2 O 2 , copper ions released from the HKUST-1 internal framework can trigger the decomposition of nitrosogluthanione into nitric oxide, which, along with ROS generation of ferric ions, leads to cancer cell apoptosis.…”