The Function of Glial Cells in the Neuroinflammatory and Neuroimmunological Responses

Abstract

The historical concept of glia just as the glue of brain tissue has been challenged by the accumulation of concrete evidence showing the multifunctional role of these cells during development and in the adult brain [...]

‘Unpredictable chronic mild stress does not exacerbate memory impairment or altered neuronal and glial plasticity in the hippocampus of middle‐aged vitamin D deficient mice’

“…Seen normalization of microglial cell densities to the control level in the DGs of VDD + UCMS group mice could be due to decreased elimination/pyroptosis, increased replacement/proliferation of microglia, and increased monocyte invasion. Even though we did not detect increased mCSF protein levels in VDD + UCMS mice, other regulators of microglial density and phenotype, such as granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, adenosine triphosphate and purinergic signalling, certain chemokines and growth factors, such as C‐X3‐C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and IGF‐1 could also be involved (Afridi & Suk, 2023; Labandeira‐Garcia et al, 2017; Liva et al, 1999; Loane & Kumar, 2016; Suresh et al, 2021). In addition to the density of microglial cells, the phenotype of microglial cells in VDD + UCMS group mice in DG might have been altered, as microglia can exhibit a wide range of functional phenotypes in response to changes in their local environment.…”

“…Another key factor leading to maladaptive brain plasticity is neuroinflammation, which can reduce neurogenesis and alter synaptic reorganization (Afridi & Suk, 2023; Maggio et al, 2013; Singhal & Baune, 2017; Tang et al, 2016). UCMS mice exhibited signs of neuroinflammation, evidenced by increased density of IBA1+ cells in the DG of the hippocampus and increased protein levels of cleaved caspase‐1, which activates pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1 β and IL‐18 (Arend et al, 2008; Miao et al, 2011; Zhou et al, 2023).…”

Scientific Evidences of Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting for Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury Animal Models: A Review of the Literature

“…It is generally accepted that glial cell activation following brain injury plays a critical role in the progression of secondary injury following the primary insult [ 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ], such as triggering the neuroinflammatory responses [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. Adult male mice on a three-month CR regimen (50% of a normal daily diet) prior to TBI were found to have significantly reduced microglia activation one month after injury.…”

Avaliação das consequências comportamentais da administração de um inibidor da via do TLR4 no córtex pré-frontal medial após exposição ao estresse e possível envolvimento do sistema endocanabinoide

“…Estudos utilizando modelos animais têm demonstrado que a ativação microglial está associada a comportamentos do tipo depressivo, como a redução da atividade locomotora, anedonia e desamparo aprendido, frente a estressores agudos Afridi and Suk, 2023). Evidências mostram que a exposição a estressores agudos em animais de laboratório induzem a expressão de moléculas da via TLR4 em áreas cerebrais relacionadas a distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos, particularmente no CPFm, apoiando um papel essencial para TLR4 em transtornos do humor (Gárate, Garcia-Bueno B Fau -Madrigal, et al).…”