The Function of Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Cancer Tumorigenesis

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most prevalent and deadliest cancer worldwide. A significant part of lung cancer studies is dedicated to the expression alterations of non-coding RNAs. The non-coding RNAs are transcripts that cannot be translated into proteins. While the study of microRNAs and siRNAs in lung cancer received a lot of attention over the last decade, highly efficient therapeutic option or the diagnostic methods based on non-coding RNAs are still lacking. Because of this, it is of utmost importance to direct future research on lung cancer towards analyzing other RNA types for which the currently available data indicates that are essential at modulating lung tumorigenesis. Through our review of studies on this subject, we identify the following non-coding RNAs as tumor suppressors: ts-46, ts-47, ts-101, ts-53, ts-3676, ts-4521 (tRNA fragments), SNORD116-26, HBII-420, SNORD15A, SNORA42 (snoRNAs), piRNA-like-163, piR-35127, the piR-46545 (piRNAs), CHIAP2, LOC100420907, RPL13AP17 (pseudogenes), and uc.454 (T-UCR). We also found non-coding RNAs with tumor-promoting function: tRF-Leu-CAG, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Val (tRNA fragments), circ-RAD23B, circRNA 100146, circPVT1, circFGFR3, circ_0004015, circPUM1, circFLI1, circABCB10, circHIPK3 (circRNAs), SNORA42, SNORA3, SNORD46, SNORA21, SNORD28, SNORA47, SNORD66, SNORA68, SNORA78 (snoRNAs), piR-65, piR-34871, piR-52200, piR651 (piRNAs), hY4 5’ fragments (YRNAs), FAM83A-AS1, WRAP53, NKX2-1-AS1 (NATs), DUXAP8, SFTA1P (pseudogene transcripts), uc.338, uc.339 (T-UCRs), and hTERC.

CircRNA CDR1as knockdown inhibits progression of non‐small‐cell lung cancer by regulating miR‐219a‐5p/SOX5 axis

“…CircRNAs play pivotal roles in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer . By detecting the expression of circRNA in patient tissues and cell lines, we found that circCDR1as expression was enhanced in NSCLC, indicating that high expression of circCDR1as could contribute to the malignancy of NSCLC.…”

“…Among these types, circular RNA (circRNA) consists of a continuous closed loop . Several circRNAs have been reported to be aberrantly expressed and associated with the tumorigenesis of lung cancer . Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that several circRNAs might contribute to the progression of NSCLC .…”

“…6 Several circRNAs have been reported to be aberrantly expressed and associated with the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. 7 Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that several circRNAs might contribute to the progression of NSCLC. [8][9][10] Accruing evidence demonstrates that circRNA antisense to cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 transcript (circCDR1as) could promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and inhibit the progression of bladder cancer and ovarian cancer.…”

Current Landscape of Epigenetics in Lung Cancer: Focus on the Mechanism and Application

“…CircRNAs are transcripts that lack the 5′end cap and a 3′ end poly(A) tail, forming a covalent closed loop [74]. e mechanism of circRNA mainly includes interactions with chromatin histones, binding to RNA polymerase, capturing proteins from its original mRNA, encoding exons and sponge miRNAs, capturing transcription factors in the cytoplasm, and preventing gene transcription [75,76]. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, an increasing number of differentially expressed circRNAs have been discovered that are involved in the development of lung cancer.…”

Systematic characterization of non‐coding RNAs in triple‐negative breast cancer

“…Non‐coding RNAs make up most of the transcriptome, while protein‐coding RNAs only account for 3% of the genome; the remaining 97% is composed of “dark matter” of transcripts with molecular functions 3 . It has been proven that the genome “dark matter” can be transcribed into various RNA species, most of which do not encode proteins, namely, ncRNAs, but exert significant functions mainly responsible for phenotypic regulation 4 .…”