The furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin distribution in the furfurylated bamboo

Li, Wanju; Liu, Minghui; Wang, Hankun; Zhai, Hua; Yu, Yan

doi:10.1515/hf-2020-0007

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The O/C ratio of the BSC decreased after the furfurylation. Similar results were reported for furfurylated and heat-treated bamboo [ 37 , 43 ]. Matuana et al [ 44 ] suggested that C 1 represents unoxygenated carbons, while C 2 -C 4 represents oxygenated carbons, and that the C ox /C unox ratio can be calculated using the following formula: (C 2 + C 3 + C 4 )/C 1 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites

Xie

et al. 2023

Materials

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Bamboo is a material with excellent development prospects. It is increasingly used in furniture, decoration, building, and bridge construction. In this study, Furfurylated bamboo bundles and phenol-formaldehyde resin were used to make bamboo-scrimber composites (BSCs) via molding-recombination and hot-pressing processes. The effects of the impregnation mode, furfuryl-alcohol concentration, and curing temperature on the various physical–mechanical properties and durability of the composites were evaluated. Scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the microstructural differences. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to investigate changes in the chemical constituents. The heat resistance was also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the density of the furfurylated BSC increased by up to 22% compared with that of the BSC-C with the same paving mode. The furfurylated BSCs had lower moisture contents: the average moisture content of the furfurylated BSCs was 25~50% lower than that of the BSC-C. In addition, the furfurylated BSCs showed better dimensional stability and durability, since the decay-resistance grade of the BSCs was raised from decay resistance (class II) to strong decay resistance (class I). In terms of the mechanical properties, the furfurylation had a slight negative effect on the mechanical strength of the BSCs, and the modulus of rupture (MOR) and horizontal shear strength (HSS) of the BSCs were increased to a certain extent under most of the treatment conditions. In particular, the highest HSS for indoor use and MOR of the furfurylated BSCs increased by 21% and 9% compared with those of the untreated BSCs, respectively. The SEM results indicated that the FA resin effectively filled in the bamboo-cell cavities and vessels, and the modified bamboo-parenchyma cells were compressed more tightly and evenly. The FTIR and XPS spectroscopy showed that the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid of the bamboo-cell-wall component reacted with that of the furan ring, and the cellulose and hemicellulose underwent acid hydrolysis to a certain extent after the furfurylation. Overall, the present study highlights the potential of furfurylation as a modification method to enhance BSC products. Further research should focus on improving the ability of furfurylated BSCs to prevent the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae. Additionally, the influence of furfuryl-alcohol resin on the bonding strengths of PF adhesives should be further clarified.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites

Xie

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…In our earlier studies, the authors attempted to evaluate if furfurylation could be applied in bamboo and found that furfurylated bamboo demonstrated excellent resistance to fungi and termite decay, with the WPG of FA as low as approximately 10%. In addition, we found that FA resin was not only distributed in cell cavities but also infiltrated the bamboo's fiber cell walls, which was supported by indentation analysis and FA-IR imaging [32,33]. However, the effects of vacuum pressure impregnation and soaking impregnation on the dimensional stability of furfurylated bamboo were different.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Second, high amounts of extractable polysaccharides present in bamboo were dissolved during the impregnation and curing treatments, which also represents the main reason for the deterioration of the dimensional stability of furfurylated bamboo. Previous studies have reported numerous starch grains in bamboo parenchyma cells being dissolved or even removed using an acidic FA mixture during V-P impregnation [32]. This can also explain why the dimensional stability of bamboo modified with 70% FA was improved, as a sufficient amount of FA resin filled the cell cavities vacated after the extraction.…”

Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Nanoindentation was used to test the hardness and the indentation modulus of the bamboo's fiber cell wall. Sample preparation and the testing methods of nanoindentation were adopted from our previous publications [32,33]. a TriboIndenter device (Hysitron, Minneapolis, MN, USA) with a Berkovich diamond tip, having a maximum radius of 100 nm, was used to test the indentation modulus and hardness of the bamboo cell wall.…”

Section: Hardness and The Indentation Modulus Of The Fiber Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Impregnation Methods and Curing Conditions on the Physical and Multiscale Mechanical Properties of Furfurylated Bamboo

Bai

Xie

et al. 2023

Forests

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Furfurylation is an effective and green method for wood or bamboo modification that can significantly improve its physical and mechanical properties and the resistance against biological deterioration and the attack of subterranean termites. To elucidate the effect of furfurylation on the physical and multiscale mechanical properties of bamboo, the conditions of the furfurylation process were modified to cause an independent variation of the physical and multiscale mechanical properties in differently-treated bamboo samples. This was achieved by impregnating bamboo samples with solutions containing 15%, 30%, 50%, or 70% furfuryl alcohol (FA) by either of the two impregnation processes, vacuum pressure (V-P) and soaking (S) impregnation, while applying different curing conditions (wet- or dry-curing). The physical properties we measured included the absorption rate, weight percent gain (WPG), swelling efficiency (SE), and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE); the macro-mechanical properties involved the modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), parallel-to-grain compressive strength (CS), and tensile strength (TS); the micro-mechanical properties included the tensile strength of bamboo’s vascular bundle and hardness and the indentation modulus of bamboo’s fiber cell walls. Finally, the correlation between the different physical and mechanical properties of the modified bamboo samples was analyzed. The results indicate that V-P impregnation made bamboo more permissible for the penetration of FA, while wet-curing was more conducive to ensuring a high curing rate. The dimensional stability of the bamboo samples treated with a high FA concentration through V-P impregnation and of those furfurylated by the S-Wet process using either medium or high FA concentrations was significantly increased. However, the dimensional stability of the bamboo samples modified with either low or medium FA concentrations decreased in both dry and wet curing. In terms of mechanical strength, furfurylation had little effect on the macro- and micro-mechanical properties of bamboo and was slightly improved in comparison to untreated samples. The results also showed a positive correlation between the macro- and micro-mechanical strength of the modified bamboo samples and a significant negative correlation between the mechanical strength and ASE. In soaking impregnation, the WPG and ASE were positively correlated, while the WPG and CS were negatively correlated. Interestingly, the correlation between the mechanical properties and ASE was not significant. Finally, both V-P-Wet and S-Wet approaches can be recommended for bamboo furfurylation, the former being time-saving and having a high curing rate in FA resin while significantly improving the moisture absorption and mechanical strength of bamboo. The advantage of the latter process is simplicity, a high utilization rate of FA, and a significant improvement in the dimensional stability of bamboo.

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“…21 It was reported by Li et al that furfurylation could greatly improve the biological durability of bamboo but had a negative impact on mechanical properties when the bamboo was treated with a high concentration of FA solution. 22 Poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA), which can be synthesized through polycondensation reaction of FA under acidic conditions, is of remarkable interest owing to its good thermal and chemical resistance. 23 Also, PFA possesses reactive sites such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, so it is capable of reacting with other substances, and has been applied in various industrial fields like metal-casting cores, adhesives, and coatings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Crack and Mold Resistance of Bamboo by In Situ Construction of Shape Memory Epoxy/Poly(furfuryl alcohol) Bioresin

Ren,

Xu,

Jin

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Bamboo, attributed to its short growth cycle and excellent mechanical properties, has become a popular alternative to wood and other building materials such as cement and steel. However, its susceptibility to cracking and molds hinders its broad application in architecture and furniture. In this study, the bioresin polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA)-modified epoxy resin (EP)/polyetheramine (PEA) system was constructed and in situ cured inside bamboo. Results showed that the epoxy/PFA bioresin could fill in the vascular bundles and parenchyma cells of bamboo, in situ cured and combined with it via hydrogen bond to form a composite with good overall performance. Especially, the epoxy/PFA bioresin possessed good shape memory performance, which was able to counteract the dry shrinkage stress of bamboo. The three cycles of extreme heating−cooling tests and 6 h continuous drying test at 103 °C were conducted to verify the modification effect on crack resistance of bamboo. The PFA/EP/PEA-modified bamboo culms remained crack-free, while 75% of untreated ones cracked in heating−cooling tests. Besides, when all of the untreated bamboo culms cracked, only 33.3% of the PFA/EP/PEA-modified bamboo had cracks in the continuous drying test. Furthermore, the epoxy/PFA bioresin system in bamboo also improved the mold resistance. The bioresin composites comprising bamboo, epoxy, and PFA exhibit considerable potential for advancing the incorporation of bamboo into ecologically sustainable practices within the realms of construction and furniture applications. This advancement extends the lifespan of bamboo products as well as expands their application scope particularly in regions experiencing substantial fluctuations in outdoor humidity.

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The furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin distribution in the furfurylated bamboo

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites

Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites

The Influence of Impregnation Methods and Curing Conditions on the Physical and Multiscale Mechanical Properties of Furfurylated Bamboo

Enhancing Crack and Mold Resistance of Bamboo by In Situ Construction of Shape Memory Epoxy/Poly(furfuryl alcohol) Bioresin

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