The Future Is Colorful—An Analysis of the CO2 Bow Wave and Why Green Hydrogen Cannot Do It Alone

Döllen, Andreas von; Hwang, Young Hwan; Schlüter, Stephan

doi:10.3390/en14185720

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Hence, the dataset is sufficient to estimate the effects of various strategies, as tested in Section 4. For wind power, we use the numbers and assumptions from [2], and for solar power, the numbers from [8]. Let us assume 900 full load hours (flh) for solar power at a lifetime of 20 years.…”

Section: Data Sources and Core Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One major pillar is the German hydrogen (H 2 ) strategy 2030 [1] that aims to reduce carbon emissions, mainly in the fields of industry and transport. Von [2] showed that this strategy would imply a significant carbon bow wave, as well as bow waves in financial and resource demand terms. Based on an economic model, the authors derived the necessity to include turquoise hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen based on natural gas, as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4,6] argue that this kind of storage is not suitable for bridging the inter-seasonal gap. The predominately discussed solution is hydrogen generation [2] and storage [5]. For storing hydrogen, there are two approaches, i.e., using the existing gas grid or investing in a separate infrastructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat Pumps for Germany—Additional Pressure on the Supply–Demand Equilibrium and How to Cope with Hydrogen

von Döllen,

Schlüter

2024

Energies

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In the context of the German Energiewende, the current government intends to install six million heat pumps by 2030. Replacing gas heating by power has significant implications on the infrastructure. One of the biggest advantages of using gas is the existing storage portfolio. It has not been clarified yet how power demand should be structured on an annual level—especially since power storage is already a problem and solar power is widely promoted to fuel heat pumps, despite having an inverse profile. In this article, three different solutions, namely, hydrogen, batteries, and carbon capture and storage, are discussed with respect to resources, energy, and financial demand. It shows that relying solely on batteries or hydrogen is not solving the structuring problem. A combination of all existing technologies (including fossil fuels) is required to structure the newly generated electricity demand.

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Section: Data Sources and Core Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat Pumps for Germany—Additional Pressure on the Supply–Demand Equilibrium and How to Cope with Hydrogen

von Döllen,

Schlüter

2024

Energies

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“…When the two preceding processes, SMR and POX, are combined, the result is known as autothermal reforming (ATR). In this way, POX, in conjunction with O 2 , provides the energy required for SMR, thereby rendering the process thermally neutral [51]. It requires less energy than other processes due to its high thermal efficiency.…”

Section: Hydrogen Production From Fossil Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

Rolo,

Costa,

Brito

2023

Energies

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The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier within the scope of the decarbonisation of the world’s energy production and utilisation is seen by many as an integral part of this endeavour. However, the discussion around hydrogen technologies often lacks some perspective on the currently available technologies, their Technology Readiness Level (TRL), scope of application, and important performance parameters, such as energy density or conversion efficiency. This makes it difficult for the policy makers and investors to evaluate the technologies that are most promising. The present study aims to provide help in this respect by assessing the available technologies in which hydrogen is used as an energy carrier, including its main challenges, needs and opportunities in a scenario in which fossil fuels still dominate global energy sources but in which renewables are expected to assume a progressively vital role in the future. The production of green hydrogen using water electrolysis technologies is described in detail. Various methods of hydrogen storage are referred, including underground storage, physical storage, and material-based storage. Hydrogen transportation technologies are examined, taking into account different storage methods, volume requirements, and transportation distances. Lastly, an assessment of well-known technologies for harnessing energy from hydrogen is undertaken, including gas turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines, and fuel cells. It seems that the many of the technologies assessed have already achieved a satisfactory degree of development, such as several solutions for high-pressure hydrogen storage, while others still require some maturation, such as the still limited life and/or excessive cost of the various fuel cell technologies, or the suitable operation of gas turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with hydrogen. Costs below 200 USD/kWproduced, lives above 50 kh, and conversion efficiencies approaching 80% are being aimed at green hydrogen production or electricity production from hydrogen fuel cells. Nonetheless, notable advances have been achieved in these technologies in recent years. For instance, electrolysis with solid oxide cells may now sometimes reach up to 85% efficiency although with a life still in the range of 20 kh. Conversely, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) working as electrolysers are able to sometimes achieve a life in the range of 80 kh with efficiencies up to 68%. Regarding electricity production from hydrogen, the maximum efficiencies are slightly lower (72% and 55%, respectively). The combination of the energy losses due to hydrogen production, compression, storage and electricity production yields overall efficiencies that could be as low as 25%, although smart applications, such as those that can use available process or waste heat, could substantially improve the overall energy efficiency figures. Despite the challenges, the foreseeable future seems to hold significant potential for hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, as the demand for hydrogen continues to grow, particularly in transportation, building heating, and power generation, new business prospects emerge. However, this should be done with careful regard to the fact that many of these technologies still need to increase their technological readiness level before they become viable options. For this, an emphasis needs to be put on research, innovation, and collaboration among industry, academia, and policymakers to unlock the full potential of hydrogen as an energy vector in the sustainable economy.

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“…By the adaptation of different technology and considered sources, hydrogen production has been categorized into three types according to the literature and study reports (von Döllen et al, 2021;Noussan et al, 2021). The utilization of major sources for the production of hydrogen has introduced the color conceptualization.…”

Section: Categorization Of Hydrogen Based On the Source Of Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Energy as Future of Sustainable Mobility

Chakraborty

Dash²,

Elavarasan³

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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Conventional fuels for vehicular applications generate hazardous pollutants which have an adverse effect on the environment. Therefore, there is a high demand to shift towards environment-friendly vehicles for the present mobility sector. This paper highlights sustainable mobility and specifically sustainable transportation as a solution to reduce GHG emissions. Thus, hydrogen fuel-based vehicular technologies have started blooming and have gained significance following the zero-emission policy, focusing on various types of sustainable motilities and their limitations. Serving an incredible deliverance of energy by hydrogen fuel combustion engines, hydrogen can revolution various transportation sectors. In this study, the aspects of hydrogen as a fuel for sustainable mobility sectors have been investigated. In order to reduce the GHG (Green House Gas) emission from fossil fuel vehicles, researchers have paid their focus for research and development on hydrogen fuel vehicles and proton exchange fuel cells. Also, its development and progress in all mobility sectors in various countries have been scrutinized to measure the feasibility of sustainable mobility as a future. This, paper is an inclusive review of hydrogen-based mobility in various sectors of transportation, in particular fuel cell cars, that provides information on various technologies adapted with time to add more towards perfection. When compared to electric vehicles with a 200-mile range, fuel cell cars have a lower driving cost in all of the 2035 and 2050 scenarios. To stimulate the use of hydrogen as a passenger automobile fuel, the cost of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) must be brought down to at least the same level as an electric vehicle. Compared to gasoline cars, fuel cell vehicles use 43% less energy and generate 40% less CO2.

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The Future Is Colorful—An Analysis of the CO2 Bow Wave and Why Green Hydrogen Cannot Do It Alone

Cited by 6 publications

References 41 publications

Heat Pumps for Germany—Additional Pressure on the Supply–Demand Equilibrium and How to Cope with Hydrogen

Heat Pumps for Germany—Additional Pressure on the Supply–Demand Equilibrium and How to Cope with Hydrogen

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

Hydrogen Energy as Future of Sustainable Mobility

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