The gene for a lectin-like protein is transcriptionally activated during sexual development, but is not essential for fruiting body formation in the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora

Nowrousian, Minou; Cebula, Patricia

doi:10.1186/1471-2180-5-64

Cited by 65 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In accordance with this, the expression of TAP1 was demonstrated to be strongly upregulated during fruiting body formation (Nowrousian and Cebula 2005). Similarly, expression of SRL is much higher in sclerotia than in vegetative mycelium (Swamy et al 2004).…”

Section: Actinoporin-type Lectinssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It was suggested that the archetypal actinoporin fold is used for specific binding to various molecules at the plasma membrane surface (Kristan et al 2009). Characterized representatives of the actinoporin-type mushroom lectin family include XCL, ABL (ABA), SRL, and BEL from the basidiomycetes Xerocomus (Boletus) chrysenteron, Agaricus bisporus, Sclerotium (Athelia) rolfsii, and B. edulis (Birck et al 2004;Bovi et al 2011;Carrizo et al 2005;Leonidas et al 2007) and AOL 2 and TAP1 from the ascomycetes Arthrobotrys oligospora and Sordaria macrospora (Nowrousian and Cebula 2005;Rosen et al 1996b). These representatives of basidiomycetes share 53 to 82 % sequence identity (67 to 89 % similarity), while AOL 2 is approximately 45 % identical (62 % similar) to them and TAP1 only 34 % identical (50 % similar).…”

Section: Actinoporin-type Lectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, expression of SRL is much higher in sclerotia than in vegetative mycelium (Swamy et al 2004). Using respective knockout mutants, TAP1 and AOL 2 were shown not to be essential for the formation of fruiting bodies (Nowrousian and Cebula 2005) or the function of nematode traps, respectively (Balogh et al 2003).…”

Section: Actinoporin-type Lectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies

Sabotič

Ohm

Künzler

2015

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Fruiting bodies or sporocarps of dikaryotic (ascomycetous and basidiomycetous) fungi, commonly referred to as mushrooms, are often rich in entomotoxic and nematotoxic proteins that include lectins and protease inhibitors. These protein toxins are thought to act as effectors of an innate defense system of mushrooms against animal predators including fungivorous insects and nematodes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the structures, target molecules, and regulation of the biosynthesis of the best characterized representatives of these fungal defense proteins, including galectins, beta-trefoil-type lectins, actinoporin-type lectins, beta-propeller-type lectins and beta-trefoil-type chimerolectins, as well as mycospin and mycocypin families of protease inhibitors. We also present an overview of the phylogenetic distribution of these proteins among a selection of fungal genomes and draw some conclusions about their evolution and physiological function. Finally, we present an outlook for future research directions in this field and their potential applications in medicine and crop protection.

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Section: Actinoporin-type Lectinssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Actinoporin-type Lectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies

Sabotič

Ohm

Künzler

2015

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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“…Lectin-like genes have been identified in various organisms including slime molds (Huh et al 1998) and fungi (Nowrousian and Cebula 2005; Singh et al 2010, 2011; Miao et al 2012). In this study, we describe the lec - 2 gene from the mycobiont of the lichen P .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LEC-2, a highly variable lectin in the lichen Peltigera membranacea

2012

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Lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate binding proteins often involved in cellular interactions. A lectin gene, lec-2, was identified in the mycobiont of the lichen Peltigera membranacea. Sequencing of lec-2 open reading frames from 21 individual samples showed an unexpectedly high level of polymorphism in the deduced protein (LEC-2), which was sorted into nine haplotypes based on amino acid sequence. Calculations showed that the rates of nonsynonymous versus synonymous nucleotide substitutions deviated significantly from the null hypothesis of neutrality, indicating strong positive selection. Molecular modeling revealed that most amino acid replacements were around the putative carbohydrate-binding pocket, indicating changes in ligand binding. Lectins have been thought to be involved in the recognition of photobiont partners in lichen symbioses, and the hypothesis that positive selection of LEC-2 is driven by variation in the Nostoc photobiont partner was tested by comparing mycobiont LEC-2 haplotypes and photobiont genotypes, as represented by the rbcLX region. It was not possible to pair up the two types of marker sequences without conflicts, suggesting that positive selection of LEC-2 was not due to variation in photobiont partners.

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“…For the generation of plasmids and homologous recombination in S. cerevisiae PJ69-4a, standard procedures were used ( Bloemendal et al 2012 ; Colot et al 2006 ; James et al 1996 ; Sambrooke and Russell 2001 ). For the chs7 knockout construct, the flanking regions of chs7 ( SMAC_01722 ) were amplified with specific oligonucleotides [5′ region 1722-5-fw/rv (965 bp), 3′ region 1722-3-fw/rv (967 bp), Table S1 ] using PCR based on wild-type genomic DNA; the Hygromycin resistance cassette was obtained from vector pDrivehph (pSF27-34) ( Nowrousian and Cebula 2005 ) by Eco RI digestion; and all fragments were inserted into pRS426 ( Christianson et al 1992 ) by homologous recombination in yeast. The resulting plasmid p∆chs7 was used as template to amplify the 3.4-kb knockout cassette with primers 1722-5-fw/-3-rv in a Phusion DNA Polymerase (Thermo Scientific)-PCR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Analysis of Developmentally Regulated Geneschs7andsec22in the AscomyceteSordaria macrospora

Traeger

Nowrousian

2015

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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During sexual development, filamentous ascomycetes form complex, three-dimensional fruiting bodies for the generation and dispersal of spores. In previous studies, we identified genes with evolutionary conserved expression patterns during fruiting body formation in several fungal species. Here, we present the functional analysis of two developmentally up-regulated genes, chs7 and sec22, in the ascomycete Sordaria macrospora. The genes encode a class VII (division III) chitin synthase and a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein, respectively. Deletion mutants of chs7 had normal vegetative growth and were fully fertile but showed sensitivity toward cell wall stress. Deletion of sec22 resulted in a reduced number of ascospores and in defects in ascospore pigmentation and germination, whereas vegetative growth was normal in the mutant. A SEC22-EGFP fusion construct under control of the native sec22 promoter and terminator regions was expressed during different stages of sexual development. Expression of several development-related genes was deregulated in the sec22 mutant, including three genes involved in melanin biosynthesis. Our data indicate that chs7 is dispensable for fruiting body formation in S. macrospora, whereas sec22 is required for ascospore maturation and germination and thus involved in late stages of sexual development.

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The gene for a lectin-like protein is transcriptionally activated during sexual development, but is not essential for fruiting body formation in the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora

Cited by 65 publications

References 25 publications

Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies

Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies

LEC-2, a highly variable lectin in the lichen Peltigera membranacea

Functional Analysis of Developmentally Regulated Geneschs7andsec22in the AscomyceteSordaria macrospora

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