The Genesis and Development of the Commercial BP Doubly Promoted Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis

Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Supported Catalysts

“…191 Besides metal nitrates, acetylacetonate (acac) precursors have also been used for melt infiltration. Mo(acac) 3 and Fe(acac) 3 were used to prepare Fe/KIT-6, Mo/KIT-6, and Mo−Fe/KIT-6 at loadings between 0.3 and 1.5 wt % by physically mixing the salt and support and heating to 500°C for 5 h. 192 However, this may have caused a large amount of pores to be blocked, as a reduction in BET surface area from 600 to 60 m 2 /g was observed accompanied by a reduction in pore volume from 0.8 to 0.15 mL/g, suggesting the melting point and decomposition temperature of these precursors are too close to each other for an efficient melt infiltration procedure. Pt(acac) 2 has also been introduced into an Al-SBA-15 material by physical mixing, followed by a thermal treatment at 100°C for 24 h, 180°C for 0.5 h (5°C/min), and 400°C for 6 h (10°C/min).…”

“…Selective adsorption on SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 surfaces occurred via an exchange reaction between surface OH groups and ligands, although recently steric hindrance was found to play a role in the deposition of Co(acac) 2 and Co(acac) 3 . 237 The remaining acac or thd ligands were decomposed in oxygen, hydrogen, or water vapor.…”

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

“…The newer KAAP (Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process) process uses a Ru-based catalyst at relatively lower pressures (<100 bar) [6]. The high operating pressures are dictated by the reaction stoichiometry and the Le Chatelier principle.…”

Preparation of efficient ruthenium catalysts for ammonia synthesis via high surface area graphite dispersion

“…Materials produced with such a process are featured by a graphite-like structure, while they also possess a high specific surface area which is necessary for the dispersion of Ru metal deposited on the surface. This catalyst was successfully integrated into the Kellogg Brown & Root, KBR (or Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process, KAAP) process in the 1990s confirming the high efficiency and stability under moderate operation conditions [13].…”