The genus Carnobacterium

Pikuta, Elena V.; Hoover, Richard B.

doi:10.1002/9781118655252.ch10

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…with increasing levels of fecal cortisol, including the most abundant OTU in non-stressed fish, together with +10 other OTUs assigned to this genus. Carnobacterium (order Lactobacillales, class Bacilli, phylum Firmicutes) is a genus of facultatively anaerobic, cold tolerant lactic acid bacteria comprising +12 species (Pikuta and Hoover, 2014). This genus, particularly Carnobacterium pisciola, Carnobacterium divergens, and Carnobacterium inhibens, is commonly found in the intestinal communities of healthy fish, including Atlantic salmon (Ringø et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol-Related Signatures of Stress in the Fish Microbiome

et al. 2020

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Exposure to environmental stressors can compromise fish health and fitness. Little is known about how stress-induced microbiome disruption may contribute to these adverse health effects, including how cortisol influences fish microbial communities. We exposed juvenile Atlantic salmon to a mild confinement stressor for two weeks. We then measured cortisol in the plasma, skin-mucus, and feces, and characterized the skin and fecal microbiome. Fecal and skin cortisol concentrations increased in fish exposed to confinement stress, and were positively correlated with plasma cortisol. Elevated fecal cortisol was associated with pronounced changes in the diversity and structure of the fecal microbiome. In particular, we identified a marked decline in the lactic acid bacteria Carnobacterium sp. and an increase in the abundance of operational taxonomic units within the classes Clostridia and Gammaproteobacteria. In contrast, cortisol concentrations in skin-mucus were lower than in the feces, and were not related to any detectable changes in the skin microbiome. Our results demonstrate that stressor-induced cortisol production is associated with disruption of the gut microbiome, which may, in turn, contribute to the adverse effects of stress on fish health. They also highlight the value of using non-invasive fecal samples to monitor stress, including simultaneous determination of cortisol and stress-responsive bacteria.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol-Related Signatures of Stress in the Fish Microbiome

et al. 2020

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“…C. maltaromaticum was reported as an important species and is reported in numerous fish species and meat products (Leisner et al, 2012 ). This bacterium has been demonstrated as a promising probiotic for aquaculture (Ringø et al, 2005 ; Kim and Austin, 2008 ; Pikuta and Hoover, 2014 ). However, some strains of this bacterium has been reported as fish pathogens with low virulence and stressed fish are especially susceptible, particularly post spawning (Michel et al, 1986 ; Starliper et al, 1992 ).…”

Section: Pathogenic Labmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactic Acid Bacteria in Finfish—An Update

et al. 2018

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A complex and dynamic community of microorganisms, play important roles within the fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Of the bacteria colonizing the GI tract, are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) generally considered as favorable microorganism due to their abilities to stimulating host GI development, digestive function, mucosal tolerance, stimulating immune response, and improved disease resistance. In early finfish studies, were culture-dependent methods used to enumerate bacterial population levels within the GI tract. However, due to limitations by using culture methods, culture-independent techniques have been used during the last decade. These investigations have revealed the presence of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Carnobacterium, Weissella, and Pediococcus as indigenous species. Numerous strains of LAB isolated from finfish are able to produce antibacterial substances toward different potential fish pathogenic bacteria as well as human pathogens. LAB are revealed be the most promising bacterial genera as probiotic in aquaculture. During the decade numerous investigations are performed on evaluation of probiotic properties of different genus and species of LAB. Except limited contradictory reports, most of administered strains displayed beneficial effects on both, growth—and reproductive performance, immune responses and disease resistance of finfish. This eventually led to industrial scale up and introduction LAB-based commercial probiotics. Pathogenic LAB belonging to the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium, and Lactococcus have been detected from ascites, kidney, liver, heart, and spleen of several finfish species. These pathogenic bacteria will be addressed in present review which includes their impacts on finfish aquaculture, possible routes for treatment. Finfish share many common structures and functions of the immune system with warm-blooded animals, although apparent differences exist. This similarity in the immune system may result in many shared LAB effects between finfish and land animals. LAB-fed fish show an increase in innate immune activities leading to disease resistances: neutrophil activity, lysozyme secretion, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). However, some LAB strains preferentially induces IL-10 instead, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results indicate that LAB may vary in their immunological effects depending on the species and hosts. So far, the immunological studies using LAB have been focused on their effects on innate immunity. However, these studies need to be further extended by investigating their involvement in the modulation of adaptive immunity. The present review paper focuses on recent findings in the field of isolation and detection of LAB, their administration as probiotic in aquaculture and their interaction with fish immune responses. Furthermore, the mode of action of probiotics on finfish are discussed.

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“…They are mesophilic and some species are psychrotolerant and able to grow down to 0°C. Some are halotolerant and able to grow with 8% NaCl and some are alkaliphilic with growth up to pH 9.5 ( Cailliez-Grimal et al, 2014 ; Pikuta, 2014 ; Pikuta and Hoover, 2014 ). These traits could explain their wide distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals Ecological Differentiation in the Genus Carnobacterium

et al. 2017

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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) differ in their ability to colonize food and animal-associated habitats: while some species are specialized and colonize a limited number of habitats, other are generalist and are able to colonize multiple animal-linked habitats. In the current study, Carnobacterium was used as a model genus to elucidate the genetic basis of these colonization differences. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene meta-barcoding data showed that C. maltaromaticum followed by C. divergens are the most prevalent species in foods derived from animals (meat, fish, dairy products), and in the gut. According to phylogenetic analyses, these two animal-adapted species belong to one of two deeply branched lineages. The second lineage contains species isolated from habitats where contact with animal is rare. Genome analyses revealed that members of the animal-adapted lineage harbor a larger secretome than members of the other lineage. The predicted cell-surface proteome is highly diversified in C. maltaromaticum and C. divergens with genes involved in adaptation to the animal milieu such as those encoding biopolymer hydrolytic enzymes, a heme uptake system, and biopolymer-binding adhesins. These species also exhibit genes for gut adaptation and respiration. In contrast, Carnobacterium species belonging to the second lineage encode a poorly diversified cell-surface proteome, lack genes for gut adaptation and are unable to respire. These results shed light on the important genomics traits required for adaptation to animal-linked habitats in generalist Carnobacterium.

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The genus Carnobacterium

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Cortisol-Related Signatures of Stress in the Fish Microbiome

Cortisol-Related Signatures of Stress in the Fish Microbiome

Lactic Acid Bacteria in Finfish—An Update

Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals Ecological Differentiation in the Genus Carnobacterium

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