The Geography as a Regulator of Genetic Flow and Genetic Structure in Andorra

Abstract

The Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe. Traditionally its economy has been based on the agriculture and cattle ranch although in the last decades it has developed an important tourist activity that has become a collector of emigrants. The origin of marriage consorts has been analyzed in the six parishes that have traditionally constituted the Principality. In total, there have been 10,208 marriages covering a continuous period from 1606 to 1960. From this information, two migration matrices have been constructed, one general and one intra-population. The study of the first one shows the existence of a male migration to long distance, mainly from the nearby Catalan provinces. It also shows that the main parameter that regulates migration is geography and that it indirectly defines the language's performance and political boundaries as the genetic filters. For the study of the intrapopulation matrix, two methods have been used. On the one hand, a tree has been constructed and has been linked to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Different matrices have also been tested by applying the Mantel test. The results indicate that there is no asymmetry in the mobility of men and women in an intra-population level, a result that is justified by the demographic and social structure of the small population centers of the Pyrenees. It is also shown that geography is the main governing factor travel within the Principality. And finally, we can observe the existence of a genetic substructure in the Andorran population marked again by geography.

The Aphelenchoides genomes reveal substantial horizontal gene transfers in the last common ancestor of free‐living and major plant‐parasitic nematodes

“…We identified a total of 1675 HGT orthogroups in 22 nematodes. Placing these orthologues designated as events onto the species phylogeny assuming a parsimonious scenario (Campoy & González‐Martín, 2017) indicated that HGT started in the last common ancestor of clade IV nematodes (Figure 4a). Examples include GH16, GH32, GH43 and the aforementioned GH5 cellulases.…”

“…Orthogroups having at least one gene with an AI value >30 were selected for further analysis. Gains and losses at each node were inferred using phylip‐dollop (Campoy & González‐Martín, 2017) (version 3.69; options: fdollop ‐method d ‐ancseq). Some of the HGT family‐acquired branches were manually curated by their evolutionary place in the gene phylogeny due to the fact that nematode genes with AI <0 were clustered with other HGT genes.…”

TheAphelenchoidesgenomes reveal substantial horizontal gene transfers in the last common ancestor of free-living and major plant parasitic nematodes

“…We identified a total of 1,675 HGT orthogroups in 22 nematodes. Placing these orthologs designated as events onto the species phylogeny assuming a parsimonious scenario (Campoy & González-Martín, 2017), indicated that HGT started in the last common ancestor of clade IV nematodes ( fig 4a ). Examples include GH16, GH32, GH43 and the aforementioned GH5 cellulases.…”

“…Orthogroups having at least one gene with an AI value over 30 were selected for further analysis. Gains and losses at each node were inferred using Phylip-Dollop (Campoy & González-Martín, 2017) (ver 3.69; options: fdollop -method d -ancseq). Some of the HGT family acquired branches were manually curated by their evolutionary place of gene phylogeny due to the fact that nematode genes with AI < 0 were clustered with other HGT genes.…”