The global carbon budget 1959–2011

Abstract

Abstract. Accurate assessments of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the climate policy process, and project future climate change. Present-day analysis requires the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. Here we describe datasets and a methodology developed by the global carbon cycle science community to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, and methodology and data limitations. CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (E FF ) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from LandUse Change (E LUC ), including deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land cover change data, fire activity in regions undergoing deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM ) is computed from the concentration. The mean ocean CO 2 sink (S OCEAN ) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models.

The relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from China

“…According to scientific reports, the burning of fossil fuels and industrial production (mainly through the production of cement) are the primary causes of increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. These two human sources account for 91% of all anthropogenic CO 2 emissions (Le Quéré et al, 2012). Thus, in order to obtain approximate CO 2 emissions data, we calculated the CO 2 emissions generated from both fossil energy consumption and cement production using coefficients published by the IPCC (2006).…”

Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

“…These technologies have improved continually with their own appropriate spatiotemporal scales, and researchers have also performed meta-analyses based on multi-source data from different approaches [25,26]. Additionally, comprehensive assessments were conducted on the ecosystem productivity or carbon source/sinks at national, continental and global scales by data-model fusion [7,27,28].…”

“…The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identified the objectives and the mechanisms of controlling the global greenhouse gases and provided guidance on the emission reduction targets for countries at different stages of development [4]. Therefore, it is not only an important part of ecosystem and global climate change science [5][6][7], but also the major scientific and technological outline to fulfill the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and to enhance the management of global and national greenhouse gases [8], to quantify the global and national terrestrial ecosystem productivity and the use and allocation of carbon in a variety of carbon pools or ecological processes, and to assess the spatial patterns and dynamics of terrestrial ecosystem carbon source/sink relationships at a regional scale.…”

Anthropogenic changes of CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CCl2FCClF2, CHCl3, CH3CCl3, CCl4, SF6 and SF5CF3 mixing ratios in the atmosphere over southern Poland

“…For in stance, lo cal trans port and heat ing systems re lease sig nif i cant amounts of CO 2 re lated to the burn ing of fos sil fu els. Glob ally, the emis sions of car bon di ox ide from fos sil-fuel burn ing and ce ment pro duc tion have in creased by about 54%, from 6.2 PgC in 1990 to 9.5 PgC in 2011 (Quéré et al, 2013). Ur ban ized re gions are also sig nif i cant emit ters of meth ane which leaks from gas dis tri bu tion net works and lo cal land fills.…”