The Global Circuit Intensity: Its Measurement and Variation over the Last 50 Years

Markson, Ralph

doi:10.1175/bams-88-2-223

Cited by 127 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This hypothesis is supported by measurements through aerosol layers (e.g. Markson 2007), which are similar to dust layers in terms of the presence of large particles, and show clear increases in E z inside the layer, as a result of the conductivity decrease.…”

Section: Measurements Of Particle Charging Aloftmentioning

confidence: 57%

Applications of Electrified Dust and Dust Devil Electrodynamics to Martian Atmospheric Electricity

et al. 2016

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Atmospheric transport and suspension of dust frequently brings electrification, which may be substantial. Electric fields of 10 kV m −1 to 100 kV m −1 have been observed at the surface beneath suspended dust in the terrestrial atmosphere, and some electrification has been observed to persist in dust at levels to 5 km, as well as in volcanic plumes. The interaction between individual particles which causes the electrification is incompletely understood, and multiple processes are thought to be acting. A variation in particle charge with particle size, and the effect of gravitational separation explains to, some extent, the charge structures observed in terrestrial dust storms. More extensive flow-based modelling demonstrates that bulk electric fields in excess of 10 kV m −1 can be obtained rapidly (in less than 10 s) from rotating dust systems (dust devils) and that terrestrial breakdown fields can be obtained. Modelled profiles of electrical conductivity in the Martian atmosphere suggest the possibility of dust electrification, and dust devils have been suggested as a mechanism of charge separation able to maintain current flow between one region of the atmosphere and another, through a global circuit. Fundamental new understanding of Martian atmospheric electricity will result from the ExoMars mission, which carries the DREAMS (Dust characterization, Risk Assessment, and Environment Analyser on the Martian Surface)-B R.G. Harrison

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Section: Measurements Of Particle Charging Aloftmentioning

confidence: 57%

Applications of Electrified Dust and Dust Devil Electrodynamics to Martian Atmospheric Electricity

et al. 2016

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“…Flash rates are correlated with numerous meteorological variables, including surface temperature [Price, 1993;Williams and Stanfill, 2002;Markson, 2007], convective available potential energy (CAPE) [Rutledge et al, 1992], cloud top height [Price and Rind, 1992;Price et al, 1997], cold-cloud depth [Futyan and Del Genio, 2007;Yoshida et al, 2009], convective precipitation [Meijer et al, 2001], upper tropospheric convective mass flux , integrated convective mass flux [Deierling et al, 2005], updraft vertical velocity or volume Barthe et al, 2010], precipitation ice mass, path, or flux Barthe et al, 2010], and aerosol concentration [Michalon et al, 1999;Andreae et al, 2004;Altaratz et al, 2010;Yuan et al, 2011].…”

Section: Appendix A: Lightning Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to lightning NO_x production as determined by replay simulations with GEOS‐5

2015

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The sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to the source strength of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) produced by lightning (LNO x ) is analyzed for September through November 2007 using the NASA GEOS-5 model constrained by MERRA fields, with full GMI stratospheric-tropospheric chemistry and an LNO x algorithm that is appropriate for use in a climate modeling setting; satellite retrievals from OMI, TES, and OMI/MLS; and in situ measurements from SHADOZ ozonesondes. Global mean LNO x production rates of 0 to 492 mol NO flash À1 and the subsequent responses of NO x , ozone (O 3 ), hydroxyl radical (OH), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and NO y (NO x + HNO 3 + PAN) are investigated. The radiative implications associated with LNO x -induced changes in tropospheric O 3 are assessed. Increasing the LNO x production rate by a factor of 4 (from 123 to 492 mol flash À1) leads to tropical upper tropospheric enhancements of greater than 100% in NO x , OH, HNO 3 , and PAN. This increase in LNO x production also leads to O 3 enhancements of up to 60%, which subsequently yields a factor-of-three increase in the mean net radiative flux at the tropopause. An LNO x source of 246 mol flash À1 agrees reasonably well with measurements, with an approximate factor-of-two uncertainty due to the short length of the study, inconsistencies in the observational data sets, and systematic biases in modeled LNO x production. Further research into the regional dependencies of lightning flash rates and LNO x production per flash, along with improvements in satellite retrievals, should help resolve the discrepancies that currently exist between the model and observations.

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“…We agree that further studies should be made regarding individual storms with different characteristics and charge configurations. The reason we present the application to the GEC is to show that the basic conclusions derived by our model agree with other models developed in the past [e.g., Driscoll et al, 1992;Williams, 1992;Fullekrug et al, 1999;Williams and Satori, 2004;Markson, 2007;Rycroft et al, 2007]. We would also like to emphasize that since the average values we used refer to different stages of the thunderstorm, we took into account the efficiency of every stage, and the efficiency of IC/CG lightning discharge refers to the efficiency of the second stage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Reply to comments on the article by S. A. Mallios and V. P. Pasko “Charge transfer to the ionosphere and to the ground during thunderstorms”

Mallios

Pasko

2014

JGR Space Physics

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The Global Circuit Intensity: Its Measurement and Variation over the Last 50 Years

Cited by 127 publications

References 42 publications

Applications of Electrified Dust and Dust Devil Electrodynamics to Martian Atmospheric Electricity

Applications of Electrified Dust and Dust Devil Electrodynamics to Martian Atmospheric Electricity

Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to lightning NO_x production as determined by replay simulations with GEOS‐5

Reply to comments on the article by S. A. Mallios and V. P. Pasko “Charge transfer to the ionosphere and to the ground during thunderstorms”

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The Global Circuit Intensity: Its Measurement and Variation over the Last 50 Years

Cited by 127 publications

References 42 publications

Applications of Electrified Dust and Dust Devil Electrodynamics to Martian Atmospheric Electricity

Applications of Electrified Dust and Dust Devil Electrodynamics to Martian Atmospheric Electricity

Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to lightning NOx production as determined by replay simulations with GEOS‐5

Reply to comments on the article by S. A. Mallios and V. P. Pasko “Charge transfer to the ionosphere and to the ground during thunderstorms”

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Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to lightning NO_x production as determined by replay simulations with GEOS‐5