“…The proinflammatory environment, created by the expression of adhesion molecules, release of chemoattractant molecules, and cytokines, also contributes to the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress [21]. Moreover, oxidative stress decreases renal oxygenation and subsequent activation of hypoxia inducible factors, which eventually contribute to renal damage [22][23][24]. Our previous study in patients with CKD showed that oxidative stress increases in parallel to the decreased glomerular filtration rates and determines the asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels and endothelial dysfunction [25].…”