The Helobial Endosperm

Swamy, B. G. L.; Parameswaran, N.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1963.tb00653.x

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Contrary to previously published articles (Schnaf 1929;Maheshwari and Khanna 1956;Swamy and Parameswaran 1962;Grayum 1991;Tobe and Kadokawa 2008), the mode of endosperm development is consistent in the Araceae. In summary, the Araceae are characterized by cellular endosperm development, rather than possessing diverse modes of endosperm development.…”

Section: Mode Of Endosperm Development In the Araceaecontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…Because of the contradiction found in old publications, as well as probable erroneous interpretation of cellular endosperm development as helobial, Swamy and Parameswaran (1962) cast doubt on all records of helobial endosperm development in the Araceae. To answer this question, Govinda Gowda (1980) provided the ''first unmistakable record'' of helobial endosperm development using Ariopsis peltata J. Graham.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In the Araceae, all three traditionally defined modes of endosperm development have been recorded: cellular, helobial, and nuclear ( Fig. 2) (for review see Schnaf 1929;Maheshwari and Khanna 1956;Swamy and Parameswaran 1962;Grayum 1991;Tobe and Kadokawa 2008). Table 1 presents a summary of earlier records of these three modes in eight currently distinguished subfamilies of the Araceae (for distinctness and relationships of the subfamilies see Cabrera et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endosperm development in the Araceae (Alismatales) and evolution of developmental modes in monocots

Tobe

Kadokawa

2010

J Plant Res

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The Araceae, a basal-most family of Alismatales that basally diverged subsequent to Acorales in monocot phylogeny, are known to have diverse modes of endosperm development: nuclear, helobial, and cellular. However, the occurrence of nuclear and helobial endosperm development has long been debated. Here, we report a (re-)investigation of endosperm development in Lysichiton, Orontium, and Symplocarpus of the Orontioideae (a basal Araceae), in which nuclear endosperm development was recorded more than 100 years ago. The results show that all three genera exhibit a cellular, rather than nuclear, endosperm development and suggest that the helobial endosperm development reported as an "unmistakable record" from Ariopsis is likely cellular. Thus the Araceae are very likely characterized by cellular endosperm development alone. An extensive comparison with other monocots in light of phylogenetic relationships demonstrates that a plesiomorphic cellular endosperm development is restricted to the three basal monocot orders Acorales, Alismatales, and Petrosaviales, in which evolutionary changes from cellular to nuclear endosperm development occurred twice as major events, once within Alismatales and once as a synapomorphy of the eight remaining monocot orders, including Dioscoreales, Liliales, Asparagales, and Poales, and that helobial endosperm development, which is known for many monocot families, evolved as homoplasy throughout the monocots.

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Section: Mode Of Endosperm Development In the Araceaecontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endosperm development in the Araceae (Alismatales) and evolution of developmental modes in monocots

Tobe

Kadokawa

2010

J Plant Res

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“…Few nuclear divisions occur in the chalazal chamber, and the endosperm in this chamber degenerates. Walls develop between nuclei in the micropylar chamber and thus, produce cellular endosperm (Swamy and Parameswaran 1963). At this moment it is not possible to confirm a similar development in the fossil material, but it is of interest for further studies that a chalazal chamber may be present in monocots and that the chamber in the fossil material could be related to this developmental process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, this character may be due to a profuse vascularization of the fruit from the pedicel, and more detailed observations are needed to further document this condition. An embryo was found among the studied material, and its preservation is fine enough for us to recognize the presence of two cotyledons, a character that would weaken a relationship to the Helobiales (Monocotyledons; Swamy and Parameswaran 1963). The development of the helobial endosperm is preceded by the formation of two chambers in the embryo sac.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Permineralized infructescence from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Coahuila, Mexico

Cevallos-Ferriz

Vázquez-Rueda²

2016

Botany

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Permineralized infructescences are described from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico. Morphological and anatomical observations of 584 infructescences support the identification and reconstruction of an infructescence, with fruit developed as nutlets. The fruit are each surrounded by bracts, and have a persistent style and stigma. They comprise a woody exocarp composed of macrosclereids, and mesocarp and endocarp with layers of brachysclereids. The seeds are fusiform with a thin seed coat. Seeds contain a distal hollow chamber, probably involved in dispersal, and an embryo with two cotyledons with probable helobial endosperm. The fruit and seed characters of the fossil do not correspond with an extant genus or family, thus, a new genus and species is proposed, Patocarpus coahuilensis gen. et sp. nov. Cevallos-Ferriz and Vázquez-Rueda, and is interpreted to be an extinct member of Proteales. Mots-clés : infructescence, Campanien-Maastrichtien, formation du Cerro del Pueblo, Coahuila, anatomie du fruit.

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Morphology, Vascular Anatomy and Embryology of Pistillate and Staminate Flowers of Asparagus Officinalis

Lazarte

Palser

1979

American J of Botany

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Flowers of three pistillate (female), two heterogametic staminate (male) and two homogametic male genotypes of Asparagus officinalis L. were compared for morphology and vascular anatomy of the flower and for embryological development to the stage of mature ovules and pollen. Flowers are liliaceous, the staminate with rudimentary pistils and the pistillate with collapsed anthers. The uncomplicated vascular pattern differs between staminate and pistillate flowers only in the size and degree of maturation of bundles to stamens and carpels. Longer styles appear to be correlated with a greater extent of ovule development in ovaries of staminate flowers. Microsporogenesis in males is normal with wall development corresponding to the Monocotyledonous type. The tapetum is glandular and binucleate, cytokinesis successive, the tetrads isobilateral or occasionally decussate, and the mature pollen grain two‐celled. A pair of heteromorphic, possibly sex, chromosomes was observed in heterogametic male plants. Anther development is initially the same in pistillate flowers, but the tapetum degenerates precociously followed by collapse of microspore mother cells. In pistillate flowers the ovules are hemitropous, bitegmic, and slightly crassinucellate. Megasporogenesis‐megagametogenesis conforms to the Polygonum type. In staminate flowers ovule development is like that in pistillate flowers until degeneration starts in nucellar and integumentary cells at the chalazal end. Ovules in both homogametic male genotypes rarely complete meiosis, while in the heterogametic males it is normally completed with about one ovule in 20 flowers forming a mature megagametophyte. Since manipulation of sex expression in Asparagus could be important in developing inbred male and female lines for breeding purposes, those aspects of the morphological and embryological observations presented which might be useful in planning experiments to induce sex changes are discussed briefly.

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The Helobial Endosperm

Cited by 35 publications

References 16 publications

Endosperm development in the Araceae (Alismatales) and evolution of developmental modes in monocots

Endosperm development in the Araceae (Alismatales) and evolution of developmental modes in monocots

Permineralized infructescence from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Coahuila, Mexico

Morphology, Vascular Anatomy and Embryology of Pistillate and Staminate Flowers of Asparagus Officinalis

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