The Hippocampus: A Site for Modulatory Interactions Between Steroid Hormones, Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides

McEwen, Bruce S.; Brinton, Roberta Dı́az; Chao, Helen M.; Coirini, Héctor; Gannon, Maureen N.; Gould, Elizabeth; O’Callaghan, James P.; Spencer, Robert L.; Sakai, Randall R.; Woolley, Catherine S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3446-3_4

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…The feeding process itself also has a major role in determining the endogenous rhythms of HPA axis activity (24,29,49,50). This peak in circulating CORT serves an activational purpose; that is, at a time of low energy stores and increased risk, it prepares the organism for physical activity and enhanced vigilance during the active wake cycle (8,40). While a similar rhythm exists for ALDO in response to ACTH (51)(52)(53), this hormone is modulated by additional factors related to water and salt balance (18).…”

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include changes in the electrophysiological properties of neurons, e.g. spike frequency, action potential magnitude, and calcium channel activity (60,(65)(66)(67), as well as in neurotransmitter release and binding at postsynaptic receptor sites (8,63,68,69).…”

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The type I receptor and its mRNA exist in classic mineralocorticoid target tissue, such as the kidney, salivary gland and gut (82). In addition, type I sites, possibly CORT-selective, are also found in the brain, with highest concentrations in the limbic system and low-tomoderate concentrations in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and cortex (2,5,8,47,83). This receptor subtype is up-regulated after ADX, and it is down-regulated by CORT or ALDO administration (8,38,39,(84)(85)(86)(87), reflecting the involvement of this type I receptor in feedback requirements during periods of low circulating steroids (86,88,89).…”

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The type I1 receptor and its mRNA exist in most tissues (1,94) but have highest concentrations in the liver and in certain hypothalamic nuclei, limbic structures, and brainstem cell groups (2, 5 , 9, 34, 47, 87, 95-98). As with the type I receptors, the numbers of type I1 receptors in the hypothalamus or hippocampus are up-regulated after ADX surgery and down-regulated by administration of CORT or DEX (8,9,38,87).…”

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While CORT can act at both receptors depending upon its circulating concentration, ALDO functions only through the type I system. This differing affinity for the endogenous steroids results in different physiological functions of these steroid-activated receptors (7)(8)(9).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Tempel

Leibowitz

1994

J Neuroendocrinology

195

127

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The glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), is believed to have an important function in modulating nutrient ingestion and metabolism. Recent evidence described in this review suggests that the effects of this adrenal hormone are mediated through two steroid receptor subtypes, the type I mineralocorticoid receptor and the type II glucocorticoid receptor. These receptors, which have different affinities for CORT, respond to different levels of circulating hormone. They mediate distinct effects of the steroid, which can be distinguished by the specific nutrient ingested and by the particular period of the circadian cycle.Under normal physiological conditions, the type I receptor is tonically activated, either by low basal levels of circulating CORT (0.5-2 pg%) normally available across the circadian cycle or possibly by the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. This type I activation is required for the maintenance of fat ingestion and fat deposition that occurs during most meals of the feeding cycle. In contrast, the type II receptor is phasically activated by moderate levels of CORT (2-1 0 pg%) normally reached during the circadian peak. Activation of this receptor is required for the natural surge in carbohydrate ingestion and metabolism that is essential at the onset of the active feeding cycle when the body's glycogen stores are at their nadir, and gluconeogenesis is needed to maintain blood glucose levels. This receptor is also activated during periods of increased energy requirements, such as, after exercise and food restriction, when CORT levels rise further ( > 10 pg%) and when its catabolic effects on fat and protein stores predominate to provide additional substrates for glucose homeostasis. These functions of CORT on fat and carbohydrate balance are mediated, in part, by type I and type II receptors located within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which is known to have key functions in controlling nutrient intake and metabolism, as well as circulating CORT levels. Moreover, the type II receptors within this nucleus, in addition to the arcuate nucleus, may interact positively with the peptide, neuropeptide Y, and the catecholamine, norepinephrine, both of which act to enhance natural carbohydrate feeding and CORT release at the onset of the natural feeding cycle.Thus, under normal conditions, endogenous CORT has a primary function in controlling nutrient ingestion and metabolism over the natural circadian cycle, through the coordinated action of the type I and type II steroid receptor systems. Through this action, CORT has impact on total caloric intake and body weight gain over the long term. Moreover, under conditions of obesity, diabetes and food restriction, steroid receptor function is greatly disturbed in association with chronic high circulating levels of CORT and abnormal glucose homeostasis. These disturbances in steroid action, along with dysfunction in brain neurochemical processes, very possibly contribute to the maintenance of hyperphagia and body weight gain in obese and diabetic ...

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Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adrenal Steroids and Their Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Tempel

Leibowitz

1994

J Neuroendocrinology

195

127

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Steroid Effects on Neuronal Activity: When is the Genome Involved?

McEwen¹,

Coirini²,

Schumacher³

2007

Ciba Foundation Symposium 153 ‐ Steroids and Neuronal Activity

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Vasopressin‐induced neurotrophism in cultured hippocampal neurons via V₁ receptor activation

1994

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Structural enhancement of nerve cell morphology has been postulated to be an integral step in the cellular process leading to information storage in the nervous system. To investigate this postulate, we determined whether vasopressin (AVP), a neural peptide that can enhance memory function, would enhance the cytoarchitectural features of hippocampal neurons in culture. Results of these studies demonstrated that in the presence of serum, vasopressin (1 microM), induced a significant increase in the number of neurites, in neuritic length, and in neurite diameter following 48 h of exposure. Morphological complexity was also enhanced following vasopressin exposure as indicated by a significant increase in the number of filopodia/branches, in the sum of branch lengths, and in the number of branch bifurcation points. The number of microspikes decorating neuritic branches was also significantly increased following vasopressin exposure. To determine whether the neurotrophic effect of vasopressin was dependent upon factors present in serum, hippocampal nerve cells were cultured in serum-free media and exposed to 100-1000 nM AVP. Results of these studies demonstrated that in the absence of serum, AVP induced significant enhancement of hippocampal nerve cell growth and that the minimally effective concentration was reduced from 1 microM, as required in the presence serum, to 100 nM. In addition, the time required for a significant increase in nerve cell growth to become apparent decreased from 48 to 24 h. These results demonstrate that AVP-induced neurotrophism is not dependent upon unidentified factors in serum. AVP-induced neurotrophism was found to be mediated by V1 receptor activation. Significant enhancement of nerve cell growth occurred following exposure to V1 receptor agonist (100-1000 nM), whereas exposure to V2 receptor agonist (100-1000 nM) did not increase any of the morphological parameters measured. Considered together, these data indicate that vasopressin can exert a significant neurotrophic effect upon hippocampal nerve cells in culture. Moreover, AVP-induced neurotrophism is a direct effect and not dependent upon unidentified factors present in serum. Enhancement of hippocampal nerve cell growth occurred in the presence of a specific V1 receptor agonist and not following exposure to a V2 agonist, suggesting that activation of the phosphatidyl inositol pathway via V1 receptor activation mediates AVP-induced neurotrophism. Results of these studies are discussed with respect to their implications for understanding vasopressin involvement during neural development and induction of cytoarchitectural modifications associated with memory formation.

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The Hippocampus: A Site for Modulatory Interactions Between Steroid Hormones, Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides

Cited by 26 publications

References 141 publications

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Steroid Effects on Neuronal Activity: When is the Genome Involved?

Vasopressin‐induced neurotrophism in cultured hippocampal neurons via V₁ receptor activation

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The Hippocampus: A Site for Modulatory Interactions Between Steroid Hormones, Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides

Cited by 26 publications

References 141 publications

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Steroid Effects on Neuronal Activity: When is the Genome Involved?

Vasopressin‐induced neurotrophism in cultured hippocampal neurons via V1 receptor activation

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Product

Resources

About

Vasopressin‐induced neurotrophism in cultured hippocampal neurons via V₁ receptor activation