The hydrogen atom revisited

Abstract

Several myths about quantum mechanics exist due to a loss of awareness of its details since its inception in the beginning of the last century or based on recent experimental evidence. It is taught in textbooks that atomic hydrogen cannot go below the ground state. Atomic hydrogen having an experimental ground state of 13.6 eV can only exist in a vacuum or in isolation, and atomic hydrogen cannot go below this ground state in isolation. However, there is no known composition of matter containing hydrogen in the ground state of 13.6 eV. It is a myth that hydrogen has a theoretical ground state based on first principles. Historically there were many directions in which to proceed to solve a wave equation for hydrogen. The Schrödinger equation gives the observed spontaneously radiative states and the nonradiative energy level of atomic hydrogen. On this basis alone, it is justified despite its inconsistency with physical laws as well as with many experiments. A solution compatible with first principles and having first principles as the basis of quantization was never found. Scattering results required the solution to be interpreted as probability waves that give rise to the uncertainty principle which in turn forms the basis of the wave particle duality. The correspondence principal predicts that quantum predictions must approach classical predictions on a large scale. However, recent data has shown that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as the basis of the wave particle duality and the correspondence principle taught in textbooks are experimentally incorrect.Recently, a reconsideration of the postulates of quantum mechanics, has given rise to a closed form solution of a Schrödinger-like wave equation based on first principles [1]. Hydrogen at predicted lower energy levels has been identified in previous data. The transition of hydrogen to fractional quantum energy levels is reported by the assignment of soft X-ray emissions from the interstellar medium observed by Labov and Bowyer [2] and by the assignment of the source of 50 eV anomalous thermal broadening of the Balmer lines observed by Kuraica and Konjevic [3] during a glow discharge of hydrogen-argon mixtures which was not observed with neon-hydrogen mixtures or pure hydrogen irrespective of cathode material.Certain inorganic ions predicted by Mills [1] serve as "transition catalysts" which resonantly accept energy from hydrogen atoms and release the energy to the surroundings. Argon ion is a catalyst that was present in the hydrogen glow discharge of Kuraica and Konjevic [3]. Lower-energy hydrogen atoms, hydrinos, can cause an autocatalytic acceleration of this "transition reaction" which is the mechanism corresponding to the interstellar lines. © 2000 by BlackLight Power, Inc. All rights reserved. 561The detection of the transition of atomic hydrogen from the traditional "ground" state (n = 1) to the fractional quantum energy level n = 1/ 2 below the traditional "ground" state-hydrinos-is further reported by the assignment of the anomalous 31 eV ...

Spectroscopic observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen-catalyzed hydrino transitions

“…Thus, we report the experimental confirmation of all four predictions for transitions of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos. These results have profound implications theoretically, scientifically, and technologically in that they (1) confirm GUTCP in the prediction of hydrinos, (2) directly disprove atomic theories such as the Schrödinger and Dirac equation theories based on the definition of = 1 as the ground state, the defined state below which it is impossible to go, as expected based on many physical failings and preexisting mathematical inconsistencies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], (3) offer resolution to many otherwise inexplicable celestial observations with (a) the identity of dark mat- ter being hydrinos, (b) the hydrino-transition radiation being the radiation source heating the WHIM and behind the observation that diffuse Hα emission is ubiquitous throughout the Galaxy requiring widespread sources of flux shortward of 912 Å, and (c) the energy and radiation from the hydrino transitions being the source of extraordinary temperatures and power regarding the solar corona problem, the cause of sunspots and other solar activity, and why the Sun emits X-rays [38], and (4) directly demonstrate a new field of hydrogen chemistry and a powerful new energy source that currently operates at over 50 kW with performance levels projecting superiority over other energy sources such as fossil-fuel and nuclear energy sources as shown in the first paper of this series of three [14].…”

“…Also, some commercial phosphors are based on resonant nonradiative energy transfer involving multipole coupling [13]. The theory reported previously 1 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]14] predicts that atomic hydrogen may undergo a catalytic reaction with certain atoms, excimers, ions, and diatomic hydrides which provide a reaction with a net enthalpy of an integer multiple of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, E = 27 2 eV where E is one Hartree. Specific species identifiable on the basis of their known electron energy levels are required to be present with atomic hydrogen to catalyze the process.…”

“…Consequently, it is disproved on mathematical inconsistency grounds by the existence of lower-states since the mathematics does not allow such states. In contrast to the current pointparticle models that are physically flawed or not based on physics at all, Mills 1 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] solved the structure of the bound electron using classical laws. In closed-form equations containing fundamental constants only, this solution naturally and intuitively predicts the hydrogen-atom observables such as the stability of the = 1 state and the instability of the excited states, the equation of the photon and electron in excited states, the resonant line width and shape, the selection rules, the correspondence principle, the magnetic moment of a Bohr magneton, the g factor, the Lamb shift, orbital and spin splitting, spinorbit coupling (fine structure), and spin-nuclear coupling (hyperfine structure) in agreement with observation.…”

Stationary inverted Lyman populations and free-free and bound-free emission of lower-energy state hydride ion formed by an exothermic catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen and certain group I catalysts

“…≈ 10 3 K) and an extraordinary low field strength of about 1-2 V/cm from atomic hydrogen and certain atomized elements or certain gaseous ions which singly or multiply ionize at integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, 27.2 eV. The theory given previously [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] …”

Obtención de hidrógeno mediante reformado catalítico de nafta con vapor de agua

“…Esta alarma ha empujado a los gobiernos de los países industrializados a revisar sus políticas energéticas y sus estrategias con el doble propósito de mejorar la seguridad en el suministro y reducir las emisiones de los gases responsables del efecto invernadero. Por tanto, ya sea desde un punto de vista económico como desde un punto de vista político, la estrategia, a medio y largo plazo, de diversificación y acomodación a los nuevos requerimientos sociales, empuja a la profundización y desarrollo de nuevas fuentes de energía [5][6][7]. …”