The A17 enhancer directs expression of Myf5 to muscle satellite cells but Mrf4 to myonuclei

Chang, Ted Hung-Tse; Vincent, Stéphane; Buckingham, Margaret; Zammit, Peter S.

doi:10.1002/dvdy.21356

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Moreover, the expression of MRF4 becomes more evident and detectable within myonuclei during the process of regeneration. 114 On the other hand, Myf5 and MyoD expressing SCs contain a constellation of miRNAs, including miR206 and miR1, which are important to downregulate the expression of PAX proteins within proliferating and differentiating SCs. 32 In addition, a recent study by Kim et al 115 demonstrated that miR1 and miR206 can induce MRFs expression, notably MyoD and Myogenin.…”

Section: Detailed Roles Of Mrfs During Postnatal Myogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Myogenic regulatory factors: The orchestrators of myogenesis after 30 years of discovery

Asfour

Allouh

Said

2018

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

185

146

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Prenatal and postnatal myogenesis share many cellular and molecular aspects. Myogenic regulatory factors are basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factors that indispensably regulate both processes. These factors (Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin, and MRF4) function as an orchestrating cascade, with some overlapped actions. Prenatally, myogenic regulatory factors are restrictedly expressed in somite-derived myogenic progenitor cells and their derived myoblasts. Postnatally, myogenic regulatory factors are important in regulating the myogenesis process via satellite cells. Many positive and negative regulatory mechanisms exist either between myogenic regulatory factors themselves or between myogenic regulatory factors and other proteins. Upstream factors and signals are also involved in the control of myogenic regulatory factors expression within different prenatal and postnatal myogenic cells. Here, the authors have conducted a thorough and an up-to-date review of the myogenic regulatory factors since their discovery 30 years ago. This review discusses the myogenic regulatory factors structure, mechanism of action, and roles and regulations during prenatal and postnatal myogenesis. Impact statement Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are key players in the process of myogenesis. Despite a considerable amount of literature regarding these factors, their exact mechanisms of actions are still incompletely understood with several overlapped functions. Herein, we revised what has hitherto been reported in the literature regarding MRF structures, molecular pathways that regulate their activities, and their roles during pre- and post-natal myogenesis. The work submitted in this review article is considered of great importance for researchers in the field of skeletal muscle formation and regeneration, as it provides a comprehensive summary of all the biological aspects of MRFs and advances a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myogenesis. Indeed, attaining a better understanding of MRFs could be utilized in developing novel therapeutic protocols for multiple myopathies.

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Section: Detailed Roles Of Mrfs During Postnatal Myogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Myogenic regulatory factors: The orchestrators of myogenesis after 30 years of discovery

Asfour

Allouh

Said

2018

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

185

146

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“…This element is also regulated by Six1/4 in the embryo [58], further illustrating the upstream role of this family of transcription factors in myogenesis [4]. Myf5 transcription in satellite cells depends on other regulatory regions [59,60]; however, the Pax site in the À57.5 kb sequence was shown to bind the Pax7/histone methyltransferase complex in satellite cells [56], perhaps because the locus is open. Observations on a requirement for Pax7 activation of Myf5, leading to myogenic commitment in this study, would be expected to apply to the small fraction of Pax7 + / Myf5 À satellite cells, since Pax-independent myogenesis takes place in the presence of Myf5 [11].…”

Section: Myogenic Regulatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Skeletal muscle stem cells

Buckingham

Montarras

2008

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

108

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“…Recent work (Carvajal et al ., 2008) shows that numerous enhancers 5′ of the MRF4 coding region interact in mutually exclusive ways with the MRF4 promoter and the closely linked Myf5 promoter in mouse. One particular enhancer located at −8 kb from the MRF4 coding region was previously shown to direct temporally and spatially distinct activity from the two promoters (Chang et al ., 2004, 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conserved MRF4 promoter drives transgenic expression in Xenopus embryonic somites and adult muscle

Hinterberger

2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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The muscle regulatory factor MRF4 is expressed in both embryonic and adult vertebrate skeletal muscle cells. In mammals the MRF4 gene has a complex cis-regulatory structure, with many kilobases (kb) of upstream sequence required for embryonic expression in transgenic mice. Here, initial functional comparison between Xenopus and mammalian MRF4 genes revealed that 610 base pairs (bp) of the XMRF4a proximal promoter drove substantial transgenic expression in X. laevis myogenic cells, from somites of neurula embryos through adult myofibers, and as little as 180 bp gave detectable expression. Over 300 bp of XMRF4a proximal promoter sequence is highly conserved among three X. laevis and X. tropicalis MRF4 genes, but only about 150 bp shows significant identity to mammalian MRF4 genes. This most-conserved XMRF4a region contains a putative MEF2 binding site essential for expression both in transgenic embryos and in transfected mouse muscle cells. A rat MRF4 minimal promoter including the conserved region also was active in transgenic X. laevis embryos, demonstrating a striking difference between the mouse and Xenopus transgenic systems. The longest XMRF4a promoter construct tested, with 9.5 kb of 5′-flanking sequence, produced significantly greater expression in transfected mouse cells than did promoters 4.3-kb or shorter, suggesting that the intervening region contains an enhancer, although no increased expression was evident when this region was included in transgenic X. laevis embryos. Further identification and analysis of Xenopus MRF4 transcriptional control elements will offer insights into the evolution of this gene and of the myogenic gene regulatory network.

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The A17 enhancer directs expression of Myf5 to muscle satellite cells but Mrf4 to myonuclei

Cited by 8 publications

References 37 publications

Myogenic regulatory factors: The orchestrators of myogenesis after 30 years of discovery

Myogenic regulatory factors: The orchestrators of myogenesis after 30 years of discovery

Skeletal muscle stem cells

A conserved MRF4 promoter drives transgenic expression in Xenopus embryonic somites and adult muscle

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