The ICES Working Group on Oceanic Hydrography: Building on Over 100 Years of North Atlantic Observations

Abstract

The ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) Working Group on Oceanic Hydrography (WGOH) maintains, analyses and develops coastal, shelf and deep ocean repeated stations and sections around the subpolar North Atlantic, the Nordic Seas and adjacent shelf seas. The WGOH annually reviews the latest results and research from repeat hydrography sections and stations, and generates a summary of hydrographic conditions in the North Atlantic, the ICES Report on Ocean Climate (IROC).By combining expertise in variability in physical processes and the relationship with ecosystems from around the North Atlantic, the WGOH is an excellent forum for developing new insight into climate variability and the impact on ecosystems. Recent new collaborative research highlights include observations of unusually warm and saline Atlantic Water in the Nordic Seas, a comparison of gridded sea surface temperature products to selected time series, and an isopycnal analysis over 300,000 profiles from the Nordic Seas.The WGOH encourages development of new time series and the use of new technology, and has led to the establishment of new ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and surface observations from voluntary observing ships. Future challenges for WGOH include maintaining the integrity of time series, and communicating the information from the time series in a useful way to a wide range of stakeholders.The ICES WGOH has no dedicated funding, instead participants and time series are funded by member nations which are Canada,

Mechanism of Rate Acceleration of Radical C–C Bond Formation Reaction by a Radical SAM GTP 3′,8-Cyclase

“…If this cluster is in the reduced form during the catalytic cycle, it may then be responsible for the reduction of the putative aminyl radical intermediate. The redox roles have been proposed for auxiliary clusters in the radical SAM enzymes in the SPASM/Twitch family 44,70,72 , and the redox potentials have been reported for enzymes under resting states 73 . However, no experimental demonstration has been made about their redox states during the catalytic cycle.…”

The ICES Working Group on Oceanic Hydrography: A Bridge From In-situ Sampling to the Remote Autonomous Observation Era

“…Currently, only a portion of the IROC timeseries are systematically being incorporated into Global Operational Databases and hence contributing effectively to GOOS. This issue is a major concern of the WGOH, already highlighted in the previous white paper authored by the group (Holliday et al, 2010). One challenge is that most hydrography derived from national monitoring programs are only available in delayed mode, while current demands expect real-time availability.…”

“…At that time, 15 years ahead of the creation of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), ICES represented a major partnership within the ocean community and a valuable opportunity for international networking, thereby inspiring several physical oceanographers to join the group. A review of the WGOH activity up to 2009 is given by Holliday et al (2010) within the framework of the Oceans09 Conference. Currently, the WGOH is composed of nearly 50 members from 35 institutions and 18 countries around the North Atlantic region.…”

The role of ethylene glycols during sublimation transfer printing of cotton

“…[l-51 (b) Pretreatment with resin or cross-linking agents [6,7] (c) Use of high-boiling-point swelling agents [1,8-111. Chemical modification, grafting and in situ polymerisation require more rigorous conditions and it is difficult to ensure uniformity and economy on a commercial scale. This process is not suitable for cotton or polyester/cotton blends because of the lack of substantivity of disperse dyes for cotton.…”