The impact of extremely high temperatures on mortality and mortality cost

Roldán, Esther; Gómez, Manuel Asensio; Pino, M. Rosa; Díaz, Julio

doi:10.1080/09603123.2014.938028

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…With global warming, this number is expected to increase. A large percentage of those affected suffer from preexisting pathology, or are elderly (373). In cases of cerebral trauma, even small increases in temperature are associated with poor outcome (311).…”

Section: Cerebrovascular Implications Of Heat Stress With Aging and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress

Bain

Nybo

Ainslie

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review provides an in-depth update on the impact of heat stress on cerebrovascular functioning. The regulation of cerebral temperature, blood flow, and metabolism are discussed. We further provide an overview of vascular permeability, the neurocognitive changes, and the key clinical implications and pathologies known to confound cerebral functioning during hyperthermia. A reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), derived primarily from a respiratory-induced alkalosis, underscores the cerebrovascular changes to hyperthermia. Arterial pressures may also become compromised because of reduced peripheral resistance secondary to skin vasodilatation. Therefore, when hyperthermia is combined with conditions that increase cardiovascular strain, for example, orthostasis or dehydration, the inability to preserve cerebral perfusion pressure further reduces CBF. A reduced cerebral perfusion pressure is in turn the primary mechanism for impaired tolerance to orthostatic challenges. Any reduction in CBF attenuates the brain's convective heat loss, while the hyperthermic-induced increase in metabolic rate increases the cerebral heat gain. This paradoxical uncoupling of CBF to metabolism increases brain temperature, and potentiates a condition whereby cerebral oxygenation may be compromised. With levels of experimentally viable passive hyperthermia (up to 39.5-40.0 °C core temperature), the associated reduction in CBF (∼ 30%) and increase in cerebral metabolic demand (∼ 10%) is likely compensated by increases in cerebral oxygen extraction. However, severe increases in whole-body and brain temperature may increase blood-brain barrier permeability, potentially leading to cerebral vasogenic edema. The cerebrovascular challenges associated with hyperthermia are of paramount importance for populations with compromised thermoregulatory control--for example, spinal cord injury, elderly, and those with preexisting cardiovascular diseases.

show abstract

Section: Cerebrovascular Implications Of Heat Stress With Aging and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress

Bain

Nybo

Ainslie

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Six studies performed an empirical estimation of the functional relationship between health effects and extreme event exposure using time-series data specific to their case studies, with a view toward estimating the associated health and economic burden. Three of these six studies focused on extreme heat [23,24,25], two on hurricanes [26,27] and one on smoke haze [29]. Among the three burden studies that focused on extreme heat as a health risk, two included projections of health and economic burden under IPCC climate scenarios [23,24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When burden analysis was undertaken from the perspective of the health care system [20,22,24,25,27], morbidity impacts were monetized using healthcare costs. In this case, mortality effects, if evaluated, where not monetized.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Evaluations of the Health Impacts of Weather-Related Extreme Events: A Scoping Review

Schmitt

Graham

White

2016

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The frequency and severity of extreme events is expected to increase under climate change. There is a need to understand the economic consequences of human exposure to these extreme events, to underpin decisions on risk reduction. We undertook a scoping review of economic evaluations of the adverse health effects from exposure to weather-related extreme events. We searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases with no restrictions to the type of evaluations. Twenty studies were included, most of which were recently published. Most studies have been undertaken in the U.S. (nine studies) or Asia (seven studies), whereas we found no studies in Africa, Central and Latin America nor the Middle East. Extreme temperatures accounted for more than a third of the pool of studies (seven studies), closely followed by flooding (six studies). No economic study was found on drought. Whilst studies were heterogeneous in terms of objectives and methodology, they clearly indicate that extreme events will become a pressing public health issue with strong welfare and distributional implications. The current body of evidence, however, provides little information to support decisions on the allocation of scarce resources between risk reduction options. In particular, the review highlights a significant lack of research attention to the potential cost-effectiveness of interventions that exploit the capacity of natural ecosystems to reduce our exposure to, or ameliorate the consequences of, extreme events.

show abstract

“…Early projects require above-market prices, as is typical when a "new" energy technology attempts to break into the market, and economic development requires a critical mass of projects (a market) rather than idiosyncratic development. By displacing coal and natural gas, offshore wind power also will directly reduce health costs, contribute to the mitigation of extreme temperatures, which have a large health impact on the most atrisk populations, and engender public support (23)(24)(25)(26). Wind power also suppresses electricity prices for electricity more generally because hourly markets set prices at the margin.…”

Section: Research Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%