“…Consistent with this hypothesis, perceptions of personal deprivation have been found to be related to actions that enhance one's individual status (Hafer & Olson, 1993;Kawakami & Dion, 1993), but unrelated to participation in collective actions (Barnes & Kaase, 1979;Birt & Dion, 1987;Bowen, Bowen, Gawiser & Masotti, 1968;Geschwender & Geschwender, 1973;Muller, 1973;Guimond & Dubé-Simard, 1983;Walker & Mann, 1987;Walker & Pettigrew, 1984).…”