The impact of smoke on walking speed

Fridolf, Karl; Andrée, Kristin; Nilsson, Daniel; Frantzich, Håkan

doi:10.1002/fam.2217

Cited by 62 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…No data was found on limited ability to sense smoke, although smoke is one of the key signatures that can help to detect a fire [9,39]. The impact of smoke on movement and behaviour has been investigated in the literature [16,17,29,54,60], but no dedicated studies were found. In Table 1, the evacuation activity Smelling emergency cues predominant activity Purposeful sensory experiences is the block assigned, and Other purposeful sensing as category.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

et al. 2020

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This scoping review addresses the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance of adults in public buildings. Although this topic has been addressed in evacuation research, no linkage is currently available between functional limitations, the predominant activities affected by them and evacuation performance. This review strives to open a debate on the need to classify the impact of disability in terms of functional limitations on evacuation performance according to methods adopted in health science. This paper reviews literature concerning evacuation from public buildings with adults aged ≥ 60 years and/or adults aged ≥ 18 years with functional limitations. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has been used to identify predominant activities during an evacuation and to perform a structured classification at different levels of resolution to address self-evacuation possibilities. Results of the review are presented in a tabular form linking predominant activities in terms of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and six categories of functional limitations with the engineering evacuation time-line. The suggested classification can facilitate the assessment of the evacuation-related issues in buildings in relation to the population under consideration. The main research gaps identified include the lack of studies concerning the impact of cognitive limitations on egress, and the need to add the temporal dimension to the methods adopted in accessibility research to allow for their use in the egress field.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

et al. 2020

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“…According to Jin [61] it can be expected that movement through smoke will affect the movement time of the occupants; however research conducted by Fridolf et al [62] have quoted that "when the visibility is higher than 2.5 m, it may be argued that visibility does not affect the walking speed". It has therefore been assumed that the occupant walking speed will not be affected before untenable conditions develop, for example visibility less than 10 or 5 m respectively.…”

Section: Movement Phase (Tm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Life Safety for a Six-Storey Commercial Building with an Open Stair Interconnecting Four Storeys: A Case Study

Sabapathy¹,

Depetro²,

Moinuddin

2019

Fire Technol

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The gold standard for complying Performance Requirements is based on a Quantitative Probabilistic Risk Assessment (QPRA) method. This case study demonstrates the application of this approach to performance based design of a six-storey commercial building with an open stair interconnecting four storeys. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based and zone fire as well as evacuation simulations are used to quantify consequences whilst detailed event trees underpinned by statistical data and analysis are utilised to calculate corresponding probabilities. Results are combined in a trade-off analysis tool which calculates the Expected Risk to Life (ERL) based on the trial design features included in each design option. The approach was used to determine a preferred design that achieves an acceptably low ERL and compliance with the Performance Requirements of the Building Code of Australia (BCA). The benchmark ERL was set as 1.36 deaths/1000 fires or a probability of death from a fire of 1.36 x 10-3 based on local statistical data. To obtain an optimum fire safety design (Alternative Solution) a layered approach was adopted in which fire safety systems were added until the risk to occupants in the building due to a fire is the same or less than the benchmark ERL. Eventually three sets of trial design were considered and in all cases the calculated ERL were roughly 22% lower than the benchmark. Eventually the trial design with the least number of fire safety systems were recommended as the Alternative Solution. The trade-off analysis shows the sprinklers and wallwetting sprinklers in the office area resulted in a 20-fold difference in the building wide ERL, each. Schematic Design Fire Specification Event Tree Development Preliminary Risk Assessment and Scenario Generation Data Collection/Analysis Collect and analyse relevant data Determine credible fire scenarios (causes, locations, etc.) Conduct preliminary, qualitative risk analysis Complete risk ranking and short list design fire scenarios Identify all possible statuses of fire safety subsystems Construct event tree and generate possible outcomes Calculate probabilities using relevant data

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“…As it is possible to quantify the physical capabilities of people, there are multiple studies over these phenomena, e.g. [61,62], along with mathematical models that use this knowledge for the estimation of the movement of people.…”

Section: Evacuation "(D) Occupants Can Leave the Construction Work mentioning

confidence: 99%

The philosophy of fire safety engineering in the shaping of civil engineering development

Węgrzyński

Sulik

2016

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

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Abstract. This paper presents modern application of fire safety engineering (FSE) in the shaping of civil engineering development. Presented scientific achievements of FSE become tools used in typical modern engineering workflow. Experience gained through successful implementations of these solutions is then further crafted into prescriptive laws that shape future fire safety. This diffusion of knowledge is limited by law requirements themselves, technical limitations, and yet unresolved challenges that are still being worked on by the researchers in this field. This paper aims to present the achievements of the FSE discipline that may and should be used by civil engineers and other participants of the building process. Explanations given for the choices of fire safety engineers allow a better understanding of their gravity by representatives of other engineering branches. That way it is possible to build empathy between different engineering disciplines, which may significantly improve both the building design process and safety of the buildings itself. The chosen framework of this paper is Appendix A to EU Construction Products Regulation defining basic goals for a fire safe building, with a possible application of FSE given for each of these goals. The current framework of performance-based FSE is presented in relation to the Polish legal system, with recommendations on how to improve both FSE and civil engineering in the future.Key words: fire safety engineering, fire protection engineering, fire protection, performance-based design, prescriptive codes. stakeholders who are not FSEs, may unwillingly influence the fire safety. This bidirectional connection requires a systematic, holistic approach to fire safety of a building, which is the essence of the philosophy of modern FSE. A sample of such approach, in the form of a framework for a good cooperation between fire experts and structural engineers, was presented by Abramowicz and Kowalski in [4]. Despite strict regulations and advanced design methodologies, supertall buildings or large road tunnels that can be considered the pinnacle of modern engineering are still the scene of catastrophic fire incidents. To reach the level of safety in which fires would cause no fatalities and limited damage, urgent problems beyond the quality of the design also have to be resolved, e.g. the slow diffusion of knowledge, the stress on reduction of fire protection cost, and abuse of overcomplicated methodologies, beyond their scope of application.

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The impact of smoke on walking speed

Cited by 62 publications

References 9 publications

A review on the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

A review on the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Life Safety for a Six-Storey Commercial Building with an Open Stair Interconnecting Four Storeys: A Case Study

The philosophy of fire safety engineering in the shaping of civil engineering development

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