The In vitro Biological Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Produced Using Mangifera indica Stem Bark Extract and Properties of Its Pharmaceutical Gel Formulation

Abstract

This study reports the production of silver nanoparticles using Mangifera indica stem bark (aqueous and methanol) extracts as capping agents and formulation of pharmaceutical gel loaded with the nanoparticles. The extracts were prepared using standard procedures and utilized in biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesis was ascertained through colour changes, UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity of the extracts and biosynthesized nanoparticles were examined by DPPH method. The antimicrobial evaluation was carried out on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical gels were produced (F1-F5), and loaded with the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorption under UV-visible spectroscopy between 315 and 320 nm. FTIR spectrum showed that alkene and ester functional groups were conferred on the silver nanoparticles by the extracts used. The nanoparticles demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the organisms, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than for extracts and reference drug. The antioxidant capacity was in a concentration-dependent manner but significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the reference drug. Formulated gels had acceptable organoleptic profiles, pH range of 6.8-7.1, high viscosity, and pseudoplastic flow patterns. The in vitro release profiles of the gels showed was gradual, with t 90 higher than 2 h. The release seemed to be influenced by the viscosity of the gel systems. In addition, the release kinetics of the nanoparticle-loaded gel systems followed Higuchi model with r 2 ranging from 0.9958 to 0.9980. Mangifera indica extracts were successfully used as bio-reducing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The gel formulations had acceptable physical properties and release profiles.

Trends and Prospects of Nano-delivered Phytopharmaceuticals for disease of Public health importance: A Review

“…They have shown promise in managing chronic diseases, such as diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and certain cancers thereby improving disease outcomes and quality of life for patients. Compared to some synthetic pharmaceutical drugs, phytopharmaceuticals may have a lower incidence of adverse effects when used appropriately [51,52]. However, it is essential to note that herbal medicines can still interact with other medications, and their safety and efficacy should be carefully evaluated [53].…”

“…This approach leverages the benefits of nanotechnology to optimize the delivery of natural medicines, which are derived from plant, animal, or microbial sources. Natural compounds can be encapsulated within nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, or solid lipid nanoparticles [52,65]. This protects the compounds from degradation, improves their solubility, and enables controlled release [66].…”

“…While micelles and nanoemulsions can solubilize hydrophobic natural compounds [67], making them more bioavailable and improving their absorption, nanocrystals or nanoparticles can improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble natural compounds, enhancing their bioavailability [68]. Metallic (silver, gold, copper) nanoparticles can be synthesized by the green method, using extracts from plants as capping or reducing agents to form the nanoparticles for such metals [52].…”

“…Anti-cancer [86,87,88] Self-assembly technique Ergosterol nanoparticles Anti-cancer [90,91] Green method Silver nanoparticles Antibacterial [52,92] methods such as chemical method are costly, dangerous, and environmentally unfriendly. Thus, experts have adopted green NPs synthesis methods to avoid these issues.…”

Phytonano silver for cosmetic formulation- synthesis, characterization, and assessment of antimicrobial and antityrosinase potential

“…electronics, optics, catalysis, food, health and environment [ 19 ]. In packaging [ 20 ] textile coatings [ 21 ], wound dressings [ 22 , 23 ], cleaning products [ 24 ], cosmetics [ 25 ], pharmaceutical gel [ 26 ], and against skin diseases[ 25 ] silver nanoparticles are often employed.…”