The in vitro Production Potentialities of Secondary Toxic Metabolites by the Fungal Factory Fusarium verticillioides Is, Fortunately, Largely Underestimated in Fields: Pioneering Study on Fumonisins

Abstract

This study presents fungi infrequently viewed as fungal factories for secondary metabolite production resources such as mycotoxins in Ascomycota. Additionally, we demonstrated that biochemical warfare of Fusarium verticillioides factory against animal cells is not only due to mycotoxins such as fumonisins, but acute cytotoxic firing is based on different excreted secondary metabolite series, potentially leading to animal and human diseases. In this study, fumonisins, which can be followed by in situ localization, quantification, or expression of the key gene implicated in their synthesis, are used to understand secondary metabolite production by this fungus. It is known that F. verticillioides produces mycotoxins such as fumonisins on cereals, but until now, there is no evidence demonstrating a method to totally block fumonisin production on feed and food. In this paper, we explained, what was never clearly established before, that fumonisin production depends on two bottlenecks. The fumonisin synthesis and secretion in fungal articles of the mycelium are medium-independent and follow the fungal cell cycle developmental program (ontogenesis). Conversely, the fumonisin excretion into the medium depends on its composition, which also impacts fumonisin biosynthesis level. Using a high-pressure freezing method, we showed that, in non-permissive fumonisin excretion (NPFE) medium, FB1 is sequestered inside extra-vesicles and in the first third of the cell wall next to the plasmalemma, leading to the hypothesis that the fungus develops mechanisms to protect its cytosolic homeostasis against this cytotoxic. In permissive fumonisin excretion (PFE) medium, leading to very high quantities of excreted fumonisins, FB1 localized inside extra-vesicles, crosses the entire cell wall thickness, and then releases into the medium. Our results demonstrated a delayed and lower expression of Fvpks gene in mycelium developed on NPFE medium as compared to PFE medium. Conversely, higher amounts of fumonisins were accumulated in NPFE-grown mycelium than in PFE-grown mycelium. Thus, our results demonstrated Dozolme and Moukha Fusarium verticillioides Secondary Metabolite Production

Antagonistic Effect of Selenium on Fumonisin B1 Promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation in Chicken Neutrophils

“…42 Research findings indicate that FB1 can be fetotoxic to rats by inhibiting fetal bone growth and development, 43 inducing oxidative stress that leads to apoptosis and autophagy activation in the mice colon. 44 In cellular experiments, FB1 is associated with lipid peroxidation, epigenetic inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis, 45 and ROS generation that damage biomolecules such as DNA. 46 Moreover, FB1 induces heteroarotinoids production from chicken hemophils in a concentrationdependent manner (between 10 and 40 μM).…”

FumDSB Can Reduce the Toxic Effects of Fumonisin B1 by Regulating Several Brain-Gut Peptides in Both the Hypothalamus and Jejunum of Growing Pigs

“…Acute poisoning induced by FB 1 at high concentrations is very rare in modern breeding environments. However, because growing pigs are more sensitive to FB 1 , some adverse toxic effects have been found in pigs after the ingestion of FB 1 at medium and low doses [24,25]. In addition to classic pulmonary edema and injury to the liver and kidneys, the destruction of the digestive function induced by FB 1 is also increasingly concerning.…”

Fumonisin B1-Induced Oxidative Burst Perturbed Photosynthetic Activity and Affected Antioxidant Enzymatic Response in Tomato Plants in Ethylene-Dependent Manner

“…Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is one of the relevant mycotoxins due to its toxicity and widespread occurrence (Da Silva et al 2018). FB1 is commonly produced by several Fusarium species, such as F. verticillioides, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum (Dozolme et al 2020;Iqbal et al 2021a). FB1 alters membrane properties of both plant and animal cells and inhibits the ceramide synthase activity disrupting sphingolipid metabolism (Riley and Merrill 2019;Gutiérrez-Nájera et al 2020).…”