The Income-Health Gradient: Evidence From Self-Reported Health and Biomarkers in Understanding Society

Davillas, Apostolos; Jones, Andrew M.; Benzeval, Michaela

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815859-3.00022-6

Cited by 21 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…First, analyses based on the mean can mask inequalities in other parts of the distribution (e.g. at the lower-or upper-tails) [10]. Quantile regression facilitates assessment across continuous distributions; evidence suggests larger inequalities at the upper-tail of the body mass index (BMI) distribution [11,12].…”

Section: (Continued From Previous Page)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequalities in participation and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: a pooled analysis of the cross-sectional health surveys for England 2008, 2012, and 2016

Scholes

Mindell

2020

BMC Public Health

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Background Evidence is unclear on whether inequalities in average levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) reflect differences in participation, differences in the amount of time spent active, or both. Using self-reported data from 24,882 adults (Health Survey for England 2008, 2012, 2016), we examined gender-specific inequalities in these separate aspects for total and domain-specific MVPA. Methods Hurdle models accommodate continuous data with excess zeros and positive skewness. Such models were used to assess differences between income groups in three aspects: (1) the probability of doing any MVPA, (2) the average hours/week spent in MVPA, and (3) the average hours/week spent in MVPA conditional on participation (MVPA-active). Inequalities were summarised on the absolute scale using average marginal effects (AMEs) after confounder adjustment. Results Inequalities were robust to adjustment in each aspect for total MVPA and for sports/exercise. Differences between adults in high-income versus low-income households in sports/exercise MVPA were 2.2 h/week among men (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6, 2.8) and 1.7 h/week among women (95% CI: 1.3, 2.1); differences in sports/exercise MVPA-active were 1.3 h/week (95% CI: 0.4, 2.1) and 1.0 h/week (95% CI: 0.5, 1.6) for men and women, respectively. Heterogeneity in associations was evident for the other domains. For example, adults in high-income versus low-income households were more likely to do any walking (men: 13.0% (95% CI: 10.3, 15.8%); women: 10.2% (95% CI: 7.6, 12.8%)). Among all adults (including those who did no walking), the average hours/week spent walking showed no difference by income. Among those who did any walking, adults in high-income versus low-income households walked on average 1 h/week less (men: − 0.9 h/week (95% CI: − 1.7, − 0.2); women: − 1.0 h/week (95% CI: − 1.7, − 0.2)). Conclusions Participation and the amount of time that adults spend in MVPA typically favours those in high-income households. Monitoring inequalities in MVPA requires assessing different aspects of the distribution within each domain. Reducing inequalities in sports/exercise requires policy actions and interventions to move adults in low-income households from inactivity to activity, and to enable those already active to do more. Measures to promote walking should focus efforts on reducing the sizeable income gap in the propensity to do any walking.

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Section: (Continued From Previous Page)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequalities in participation and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: a pooled analysis of the cross-sectional health surveys for England 2008, 2012, and 2016

Scholes

Mindell

2020

BMC Public Health

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“…Our framework can also be used to evaluate the marginal effects at other points of the health distribution, cf. Davillas et al (2019). To see how income gradient evolves dynamically, we consider the marginal effects of family income across age groups.…”

Section: Empirical Application: Income Gradient In Child Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Endogenous Ordered Response Panel Data Models with an Application to Income Gradient in Child Health

Lahiri

Liu

2020

Sankhya B

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In this paper, a control function approach is developed to deal with endogeneity issue in estimating panel data models with ordered response. This methodology is characterized by a two-step procedure, requiring only standard regression to be implemented in each step. To demonstrate the usefulness of our method, we investigate income gradient in child health based on U.S. data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find empirical evidence that income gradient rises during early childhood, followed by a decline after age 12. Ignoring endogeneity of family income and unobserved individual heterogeneity would underestimate the true gradient considerably.

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“…By linking the 18 waves of BHPS to the new data being collected for UKHLS panel data models for the dynamics of self-reported health and socioeconomic status (SES) can be used as inputs into distributional analysis of the health assessments and biomarkers collected in UKHLS. Davillas, Jones and Benzeval (2018) focus on preparing the combined BHPS-UKHLS data, including the biomarker data, for analysis. In addition they set the scene for the distributional regression methods.…”

Section: Biomarkers and The Understanding Society Panel Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The challenge for the future is to build a normative model for the full conditional distributional of health outcomes, proxied by biomarkers, that conditions on circumstances and effort, treating the latter as mediators. This could be estimated using distributional regressions, along the lines of Carrieri & Jones (2017) and Davillas, Jones and Benzeval (2018). The estimated distributions could then be decomposed into direct and indirect contributions, along the lines of Carrieri and Jones (2018).…”

Section: Biomarkers and The Understanding Society Panel Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Equity, opportunity and health

Jones

2019

Empirica

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The Income-Health Gradient: Evidence From Self-Reported Health and Biomarkers in Understanding Society

Cited by 21 publications

References 50 publications

Inequalities in participation and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: a pooled analysis of the cross-sectional health surveys for England 2008, 2012, and 2016

Inequalities in participation and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: a pooled analysis of the cross-sectional health surveys for England 2008, 2012, and 2016

Estimating Endogenous Ordered Response Panel Data Models with an Application to Income Gradient in Child Health

Equity, opportunity and health

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