The Increase in Protein Content and Yield of Simazine-Treated Crops in Michigan and Costa Rica

Ries, S. K.; Schweizer, Christian; Chmiel, H

doi:10.2307/1294252

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…The results indicate that sublethal concentrations of s-triazine compounds affect the physiological and biochemical events in plants which favor more utilization of carbohydrates for nitrate reAuction and synthesis of amino acids and proteins.It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds.…”

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confidence: 54%

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Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Singh

Salunkhe

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Foliar applications of 2 milligrams per liter of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 2-methylmercapto-4-ethylamino-6-isobutylamino-s-triazine, and 2-methoxy-4-isopropylamino-6-butylamino-s-triazine caused increases in the activities of starch phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase, cytochrome oxidase, and glutamate dehydrogenase 5, 10, and 15 days after treatment in the leaves of 3-week-old seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L). The results indicate that sublethal concentrations of s-triazine compounds affect the physiological and biochemical events in plants which favor more utilization of carbohydrates for nitrate reAuction and synthesis of amino acids and proteins.It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds. Other metabolic and compositional changes following the application of s-triazines include an increase in total soluble amino acids, and the activities of nitrate reductase, transaminase, a-amylase, starch phosphorylase, adenosine triphosphatase, and 8-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (17,18,20), and a decrease in starch and soluble sugars (16,21). In this study, the influence of foliar applications of 2 mg/l of simazine', igran, and GS-14254 on the activities of starch phosphorylase, pyruvic kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in the leaves of pea and sweet corn is described. MATERIAL AND METHODSPea (Pisum sativum L., var. Perfected Freezer) and sweet corn (Zea mays L., var. Iochief) seeds were sown in perlite in 1.5-liter plastic pots in the greenhouse. The plants were maintained at a 16-hr photoperiod of 25 to 27 C by lengthening ambient greenhouse day length with fluorescent light and 18 to 21 C dark temperatures. When the seedlings were 3 weeks old, 2 mg/l water solutions of simazine, igran, and GS-14254 were thoroughly sprayed on the leaves. Triton B-1956 (Rohm 1 Abbreviations: simazine: 2-chloro-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine; igran:2-methylmercapto-4-ethylamino-6-isobutylamino-s-triazine; GS-14254: 2-methoxy-4-isopropylamino-6-butylamino-s-triazine.and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) was used as a surfactant. Control plants were sprayed with a water solution of the surfactant only. The leaf samples were taken for enzyme assay at 5, 10, and 15 days following spray application.Starch phosphorylase was extracted by homogenizing 2 g of leaves in 10 ml of 0.1 M tris buffer, pH 6.3. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 min. The supernatant fluid was used as a source of the enzyme. The enzyme assay was conducted by using the method of Lee (9). Inorganic phosphate was determined by an adaptation of the procedure of Fiske and Subbarow (7).The extraction and assay of pyruvate kinase were conducted by using the slightly modified method described by Miller and Evans (12). For preparati...

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confidence: 54%

“…It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Singh

Salunkhe

1971

Plant Physiol.

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“…Several studies over a wide spectrum of economic crops showed that the application of the s-triazine herbicides (mainly simazine) to plants at sublethal levels may cause an increase in total protein content as well as alteration of certain biological activities such as nitrate reductase (17,18,21,26). Since all known cytokinin active compounds are found to be nucleotide derivatives (4,5,10,11), and the s-triazine ring is pyrimidine-like in structure with the number 5 carbon atom replaced by a nitrogen atom, it is possible that the action of the s-triazines in increasing protein content is due to alteration in hormonal control similar to that caused by kinetin.…”

Section: 6-bis(ethylamino)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Nadar

Clegg²,

Maranville³

1975

Plant Physiol.

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Growth-promoting action of simazine and other s-triazine herbicides was detected by the use of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Several studies over a wide spectrum of economic crops showed that the application of the s-triazine herbicides (mainly simazine) to plants at sublethal levels may cause an increase in total protein content as well as alteration of certain biological activities such as nitrate reductase (17,18,21,26). Since all known cytokinin active compounds are found to be nucleotide derivatives (4, 5, 10, 11), and the s-triazine ring is pyrimidine-like in structure with the number 5 carbon atom replaced by a nitrogen atom, it is possible that the action of the s-triazines in increasing protein content is due to alteration in hormonal control similar to that caused by kinetin.No chemical method has been developed to detect cytokinins easily. There are many biological assay systems to detect them, of which the callus tissue system may be the most reliable (13). Sorghum callus tissue developed in our laboratories from the hybrid RS 671 grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L]. Moench) was dependent on an external source of cytokinin, which made it an excellent material to use in bioassays to detect the suspected growth-promoting action of the s-triazines. This paper reports that the effect of sublethal levels of simazine and other s-triazines Soil applications of simazine were made to the containers 2.5 cm below the surface by removing the top 2.5 cm of soil, spraying the calculated dose suspended in sufficient amount of water, and then replacing the soil. The dose was calculated as a fraction of the recommended field application rate corresponding to the area of the container surface. The soil treatments of simazine were added at concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 times the recommended amounts for application as a herbicide in the field (1.12 kg/ha). The application took place immediately prior to planting. A foliar application was administered 4 weeks after planting at concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 times the simazine saturated solution of S ,ug/ml (25). The plants were sprayed once until completely soaked with the solution.Root Exudate Sampling. The aerial portions of the plants were removed 3.5 cm above the soil surface and a piece of parafilm rolled around the stubs which extended above the cut surfaces. The exudates were collected periodically by means of a syringe until 5 to 10 ml was accumulated from each exuding plant. The exudates were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and added to the callus growth medium to test for their growthpromoting action.Testing for Growth Promotion. Callus was induced from hybrid RS 671 on Murashige and Skoog medium (15) supplemented with 2 to 5 jAg/ml of 2,4-D and 1% (v/v)

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“…He found that as little as 0.06 ppm simazine in solution culture increased the yield of corn tops by 36%, the uptake of nitrogen by 37%, phosphorus by 25%, magnesium by 24%, and potassium by 41%. Low level applications of simazine were found to increase the protein content in beans, peas, rice, ryegrass, and alfalfa grown in different geographic locations (Ries et al, 1968). Wu et al (1972) determined that foliar sprays of simazine applied to pea and sweet corn seedlings increased the protein levels and decreased starch and sugars in the leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ammonium Nitrate and Low-Level Foliar Treatments of Simazine on Some Chemical Components and Protein Quality of'Pinkeye Purple Hull' Pea Seeds

Meredith¹,

Langdale²,

Dull³

1984

J Food Science

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Southern pea seeds were grown 2 yrs with treatments of ammonium nitrate fertilizer 0, 30, and 60 kg/ha and simazine 0, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm applied as a foliar spray. Yield, proximate analysis, amino acid content, and protein quality were determined. No differences were found in yield, crude fat, and crude fiber. Ash, protein, and several of the amino acids increased with the 30 and 60 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Treatments with simazine had no effect on the essential amino acid content. In the Southern pea seeds, protein quality was decreased by the treatments with nitrogen fertilizer, simazine, and combinations of these treatments.

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The Increase in Protein Content and Yield of Simazine-Treated Crops in Michigan and Costa Rica

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Effect of Ammonium Nitrate and Low-Level Foliar Treatments of Simazine on Some Chemical Components and Protein Quality of'Pinkeye Purple Hull' Pea Seeds

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