The increases in relative mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in splenic macrophages from rats exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes by whole-body inhalation for 13 weeks

Abstract

Systemic inflammation would likely occur in rats (or other hosts) exposed to MWCNT via inhalation due to increases in the expression of inflammatory cytokines in splenic macrophages. Moreover, decreases in IL-2 expression in T-lymphocytes may be critical to the potential reductions in anti-tumor responses in MWCNT-exposed hosts.

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

“…Splenic cell cultures and total mRNA were obtained as described previously . Splenic cell suspensions were prepared using a cell strainer (BD Falcon, Tokyo, Japan).…”

“…Targets were amplified on a LightCycler Nano (Roche Diagnostics) using LightCycler FastStart DNA Master PLUS SYBR Green I (Roche Diagnostics) over 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°, annealing at temperatures indicated in Table , and extension at 72°. Calibrator‐normalized cytokine to 18S rRNA relative ratio was calculated as the index of mRNA expression of each cytokine, following the manufacturer's protocols (Roche) …”

<div>Long-term intravenous administration of carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes induces persistent accumulation in the lungs and pulmonary fibrosis via the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway</div>

“…Those in the c-SWNTs group were administered c-SWNTs glucose solution (2.0 mg of c-SWNTs/kg body weight), whereas those in the control groups received 5.00 wt% glucose solution (1 mL/kg body weight), both by tail-vein injection per day. Six time periods (1,7,30,60,90, and 120 days) were set, and the rats in the "1-day" group were injected once and those in the "120-day" group were referred to 90-day injections followed by 30-day withdrawal of injections. At the end of each period, eight rats (four males and four females) were selected randomly from each group and killed after anesthesia (pentobarbital sodium, intraperitoneal injection).…”

“…One part of the lung sample was stored immediately at −80°C for analyses by Western blotting (1, 7, and 30 days) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). The remaining portion was collected for TEM observation (30 days) and histopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses (30,60,90, and 120 days).…”

“…58,59 Exposure of mice to CNTs through the airways increases expression of TNFα and IL-1β at protein/mRNA levels significantly, and induces collagen deposition. 17,60 Intravenous exposure to carboxylated MWNTs also upregulates expression of TNFα and IL-1β in mouse lungs. 31 TGF-β1 is a pro-fibrotic growth factor that has a critical role in pulmonary fibrosis via stimulation of the EMT as characterized by upregulation of α-SMA expression and excessive production of ECM proteins.…”