The Influence of Applied Forces on the Felting of Wool

Vegt, A.K. van der; Schuringa, G.J.

doi:10.1177/004051755402400201

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The value of (~ -~, ) for untreated Lincoln fibers is 0.14, but some of'1the treated Merino fibers have a much higher (~l -~, ) and felt more slowly. The effect of fabric structure on the rate of felting of untreated wool indicated here has been well established by previous systematic work [ 3,5,13,15,17,20,52]. The results are as expected.…”

Section: Felting Shrinkage Of Untreated Fabricssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The normal type of shrinkage-time curve has been obtained with the large number of fabrics investigated during the course of this work (Figures 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8) i.e., an initial straight line followed by a falling off in rate with time [ 8,10,20,52]. Any early induction period, as found on milling tests [35], and with a worsted fabric [28,29], could not be detected in any of our tests, at times of washing down to 1 min.…”

Section: Felting Shrinkage Of Untreated Fabricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Felting is, very simply, due to rootward fiber movements and fiber entanglements resulting from undirected applied mechanical forces [ 30] . The rate of felting, under given conditions, varies with fiber type [ 42,46,48,49 and the structure of the fiber assembly [ 3,5,13,15,17,20,52 ] . External conditions influencing the rate of felting are mechanical action [ 8,41,52 ] , the felting medium [ 4, 8, 49, 53, 54 and the temperature [ 8,18,32,39,40,41,47,49], and the rate of felting decreases with time [8,10,20,52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rate of felting is decreased by increasing the twist in a yarn [e.g., 3,52]. The rate of felting of fabrics depends on the tightness of the weave, which can be expressed as a compactness ratio [ 3 ] , or of the knit, which can be expressed as the stitch length [37], and also on the applied force [ 52 ] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate of felting of fabrics depends on the tightness of the weave, which can be expressed as a compactness ratio [ 3 ] , or of the knit, which can be expressed as the stitch length [37], and also on the applied force [ 52 ] . Once the applied force is greater than the minimum necessary to cause felting, the felting rate is increased as the applied force is increased over a large range until, above a certain relatively high force, the rate becomes approximately constant [ 52 J . This paper describes the results of felting shrinkage tests on untreated fabrics and on fabrics treated for shrink resistance by the common industrial processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate of Felting of Untreated and Shrink-Resistant Wool Fabrics

McPhee¹

1961

Textile Research Journal

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Shrinkage-time curves for a range of wool fabrics, and the effect of various shrinkproofing treatments on these curves, have been studied. Felting rates of untreated fabrics depend on fabric structure and applied force in the way previously established [e.g., 3, 13, 15]. The shrinkage-time curves of treated fabrics show two definite stages, an initial portion indicating a very low felting rate, followed by a second stage where felting may be much more rapid. For a given fabric structure and given applied force, the felting rates of both stages, and the times at which the second stage begins, depend on the degree of treatment. The two-stage curves indicate two distinct steps in the felting of the fabrics and are not due to the fibers being unevenly treated.Frictional properties of treated Merino 64's fibers show no correlation with shrink resistance, and the results are qualitatively different from those found with Lincoln 36's.The importance of defining washing conditions when testing shrink-resistant wool fabrics is again emphasized by results showing that quite different impressions can be gained by washing in different machines and thereby applying different mechanical forces to the fabrics. In an extreme case, a treated fabric of loose structure, when washed for a given time in two different machines, can appear to be either completely shrinkproofed or scarcely shrink-resistant at all.

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Section: Felting Shrinkage Of Untreated Fabricssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Felting Shrinkage Of Untreated Fabricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate of Felting of Untreated and Shrink-Resistant Wool Fabrics

McPhee¹

1961

Textile Research Journal

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Investigation of fabric movement in a tumble dryer for the development of drying methods for wool fabrics to save energy

Bao

Shen

et al. 2021

Textile Research Journal

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Tumble dryers are widely used for drying garments, but felting shrinkage can be caused to wool garments during the tumble drying process. To dry wool fabrics or garments in tumble dryers, the flat dry function has been introduced in the dryers; however, the energy efficiency is very low. The current study investigated fabric movement at different rotation speeds in the tumble dryer and their resultant performances in terms of specific moisture extraction rate, evenness of drying, fabric shrinkage, and fabric smoothness. For shrink-resist-treated wool fabrics, tumble drying at the rotation speed to keep fabric movement in projectile motion accompanied with occasional tumbling could achieve better energy efficiency, drying uniformity, and fabric smoothness. For untreated wool fabrics, introducing vertical movement to the flat dry in the tumble dryer can improve the heat exchange between the fabric and hot air, resulting in an increase in energy efficiency of approximately 30% compared with motionless flat drying. Wool fabric shrinkage can be controlled at less than 2% with the smooth appearance of fabric at grade 3.5 after drying under the recommended drying condition. This study could help tumble dryer manufacturers design optimal drying methods for wool fabrics with the potential for the reduction of energy consumption.

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The Relation between Wool Felting and Single-Fiber Properties

Vegt

Schuringa

1956

Textile Research Journal

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The Influence of Applied Forces on the Felting of Wool

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Rate of Felting of Untreated and Shrink-Resistant Wool Fabrics

Rate of Felting of Untreated and Shrink-Resistant Wool Fabrics

Investigation of fabric movement in a tumble dryer for the development of drying methods for wool fabrics to save energy

The Relation between Wool Felting and Single-Fiber Properties

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