The influence of breast support on torso, pelvis and arm kinematics during a five kilometer treadmill run

Milligan, Alexandra; Mills, Chris; Corbett, Jo; Scurr, Joanna

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.05.008

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…For women runners, breast kinematics also have the potential to affect RE and running biomechanics. Evidence shows that breast kinematics can affect running kinetics [ 152 ], trunk lean via changes in breast support [ 153 ], and lower limb biomechanics, in particular knee angle and step length [ 154 ]. These findings imply there may be alterations to RE, particularly if the changes in step length are greater than 3 % of the preferred step length.…”

Section: Spatiotemporal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There an Economical Running Technique? A Review of Modifiable Biomechanical Factors Affecting Running Economy

2016

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Running economy (RE) has a strong relationship with running performance, and modifiable running biomechanics are a determining factor of RE. The purposes of this review were to (1) examine the intrinsic and extrinsic modifiable biomechanical factors affecting RE; (2) assess training-induced changes in RE and running biomechanics; (3) evaluate whether an economical running technique can be recommended and; (4) discuss potential areas for future research. Based on current evidence, the intrinsic factors that appeared beneficial for RE were using a preferred stride length range, which allows for stride length deviations up to 3 % shorter than preferred stride length; lower vertical oscillation; greater leg stiffness; low lower limb moment of inertia; less leg extension at toe-off; larger stride angles; alignment of the ground reaction force and leg axis during propulsion; maintaining arm swing; low thigh antagonist–agonist muscular coactivation; and low activation of lower limb muscles during propulsion. Extrinsic factors associated with a better RE were a firm, compliant shoe–surface interaction and being barefoot or wearing lightweight shoes. Several other modifiable biomechanical factors presented inconsistent relationships with RE. Running biomechanics during ground contact appeared to play an important role, specifically those during propulsion. Therefore, this phase has the strongest direct links with RE. Recurring methodological problems exist within the literature, such as cross-comparisons, assessing variables in isolation, and acute to short-term interventions. Therefore, recommending a general economical running technique should be approached with caution. Future work should focus on interdisciplinary longitudinal investigations combining RE, kinematics, kinetics, and neuromuscular and anatomical aspects, as well as applying a synergistic approach to understanding the role of kinetics.

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Section: Spatiotemporal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There an Economical Running Technique? A Review of Modifiable Biomechanical Factors Affecting Running Economy

2016

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“…Another controversy derives from the study of Milligan et al [15], who reported reduced torso and upper arm ROM when a bra providing high breast support was worn. During treadmill running, this bra also reduced the breast ROM compared with the use of a bra providing low (and less effective, according to the authors) breast support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, Milligan et al [15] found that high breast support reduced the torso and upper arm ranges of motion (ROMs) in female runners, approximating a running pattern to that is more economical and beneficial for long distances. Thus, some evidence of changes in running patterns due to the wearing of sport bras has been accumulated, but it is insufficient to fully understand the effects of breast motion on the kinematics of self-paced running.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Breast Motion on Lower-Body Kinematics during Running

Taylor

Joseph

Ustinova

2020

saj

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We measured the effects of breast motion on lower-body kinematics during overground running. Thirty female participants aged 18-60 years completed two blocks of three trials each of overground running for 25 m at self-selected pace under two conditions: with and without breast support provided by a sports bra. Participants' body movements were analyzed with 18 parameters characterizing breast and lower-body kinematics. Sports bra use reduced breast motion and increased about 83% of the lower-body kinematic parameters, including running velocity; stride length; foot clearance; vertical and lateral center of mass displacement; and thorax, hip, knee, and ankle range of motion (all p < 0.05). Among the changed characteristics, the stride length, center of mass displacements, thorax and knee range of motions correlated negatively (r =-0.25 to-0.46) with the velocity of breast motion. Therefore, the reduction of breast motion may improve lower-body kinematics during running, which may influence sport and leisure performance.

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“…Numerous studies have investigated the effects of different breast support conditions on breast motion (22,25,51,58,77,82,84,89,101,105,116,120,132,133,143,160,163,164,166,176,177). These studies have consistently shown that breasts move more when a woman is not wearing any external breast support (bare-breasted) compared with wearing either low external breast support (such as a fashion bra) or high external breast support (such as a sports bra).…”

Section: Figure 3 Perimeter Of the Breast And Its Attachments To The Anterior-lateral Chest Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Biomechanics: What Do We Really Know?

McGhee

Steele

2020

Physiology

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Although half the world’s population will develop breasts, there is limited research documenting breast structure or motion. Understanding breast structure and motion, however, is imperative for numerous applications, such as breast reconstruction, breast modeling to better diagnose and treat breast pathologies, and designing effective sports bras. To be impactful, future breast biomechanics research needs to fill gaps in our knowledge, particularly related to breast composition and density, and to improve methods to accurately measure the complexities of three-dimensional breast motion. These methods should then be used to investigate breast biomechanics while individuals, who represent the full spectrum of women in the population, participate in a broad range of activities of daily living and recreation.

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The influence of breast support on torso, pelvis and arm kinematics during a five kilometer treadmill run

Cited by 19 publications

References 51 publications

Is There an Economical Running Technique? A Review of Modifiable Biomechanical Factors Affecting Running Economy

Is There an Economical Running Technique? A Review of Modifiable Biomechanical Factors Affecting Running Economy

Effects of Breast Motion on Lower-Body Kinematics during Running

Breast Biomechanics: What Do We Really Know?

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