The Influence of Linear Permanent Magnet Generator Sizing on the Techno-Economic Performance of a Wave Energy Converter

Tan, Jian; Wang, Xuezhou; Laguna, Antonio Jarquin; Polinder, H.; Miedema, S.A.

doi:10.1109/ldia49489.2021.9505880

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The key sub-costs of the CAPEX involve the structure and prime mover, PTO, foundations, moorings, installation, grid connection [100,101], and cost margin [90]. The extra sub-costs consist of the hook-up cost [102], pre-assembly and transport, and control and safety [103].…”

Section: Cost Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the manufacturing materials of PTO provide new ideas for cost estimation. The PTO cost (which consists of iron, copper, and permanent magnet) is equivalent to the unit price, which is assumed to be 3.3 EUR/kg, 15.2 EUR/kg, and 24.7 EUR/kg [101] multiplied by the mass of the materials consumed, respectively. The material of the WEC and its accessories, which are often constructed by the concrete and iron, etc., can easily be precisely measured.…”

Section: ) Mass Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Levelized Cost of Wave Energy Based on a Techno-Economic Model

et al. 2023

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Wave energy provides a renewable and clear power for the future energy mix and fights against climate change. Currently, there are many different wave energy converters, but their costs of extracting wave energy are still much higher than other matured renewables. One of the best indicators of calculating the generating cost of wave energy is the ‘levelized cost of energy’ (LCOE), which is the combined capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX), and decommissioning cost with the inclusion of the annual energy production, discount factor, and project’s lifespan. However, the results of the LCOE are in disagreement. Hence, it is important to explore the cost breakdown of wave energy by the wave energy converter (WEC), so for finding potential ways to decrease the cost, and finally compare it with other renewable energies. Different WECs have been installed in the same place; the Wave Dragon LCOE platform is the best one, with an energy conversion of EUR 316.90/MWh, followed by Pelamis with EUR 735.94/MWh and AquaBuOY with EUR 2967.85/MWh. Even when using different locations to test, the rank of the LCOE would remain unchanged with the different value. As the CAPEX and OPEX dramatically drop, the availability and capacity factors slowly increase, and the LCOE decreases from a maximum of USD 470/MWh to a minimum of USD 120/MWh. When the discount rate is down from 11% to 6%, the LCOE reduces from USD 160/MWh to USD 102/MWh. Under the ideal condition of the optimal combination of multiple factors, in theory, the LCOE can be less than USD 0.3/KWh. To better explore the LCOE for WECs, the detailed cost elements found in the CAPEX and OPEX have been examined for the scenarios of the undiscounted, half-discounted, and discounted cost models. When the AEP is discounted, the lowest LCOE is equal to USD 1.171/kWh in scene 2 when using a five-step investment, which is below the LCOE value of USD 1.211/kWh in scene 1 when using a two-step investment. Meanwhile, the highest LCOE amounts to USD 2.416/kWh using the five-step investment, whose value is below the LCOE of a two-step investment. When using a one-step investment in scene 3, the lowest LCOE is equal to USD 0.296/kWh, which accounts for 25% of the lowest value in the five-step investment. Meanwhile, the highest LCOE amounts to USD 0.616/kWh, which accounts for 24% of the highest value in the two-step investment. The results of the case study show that a one-step investment program in the half-discounted model is superior to the multi-step investment in the discounted model. This paper examines the viability of wave energy technologies, which is a critical factor for the LCOE of wave energy; furthermore, the form of investment in the wave energy project is also important when calculating the LCOE.

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Section: Cost Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Mass Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Levelized Cost of Wave Energy Based on a Techno-Economic Model

et al. 2023

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show abstract

“…The scaling is implemented based on the principle that the force density per area of the active surface of the electrical machines remains identical. More details about the scaling of electrical machines can be found in Tan et al (2021b). As the translator length, the force limit and the stator current limit of the generator could affect the nonlinearities concerned in this work, their parameters are adjusted in a few simulation cases for identifying the relevance to the accuracy of the proposed model.…”

Section: Concept Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the conversion efficiency of the electrical generator in PTO systems is strongly associated with the operating conditions of WECs. It has been shown in Tan et al (2022b) and Tan et al (2021b) that the efficiency could differ from around 70% in high-frequency waves to 20% in low-frequency waves for the linear generator applied in a point absorber. Thus, the lack of modeling of the electrical generators might lead to a poor estimate of the actual power performance or the annual energy production (AEP) of WECs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%