“…Hydraulic and pneumatic nozzle cooling is widely used in the secondary cooling of continuous casting as it provides a good balance in terms of its ability to remove high heat fluxes, efficiently uses liquid and obtains good uniformity in the temperature of the solidified product. Therefore, several researchers have studied parameters such as impingement density, w [1][2][3][4][5][6], speed and droplet size [2,[4][5][6][7], distance between the nozzle and the part to be cooled [3,8], roughness [2,9] and the spray angle [10], among others, since these modify the way in which the nozzles extract heat, furthermore Kominek et al [11] found that the choice of nozzles and their overlaps has a significant influence on cooling homogeneity. However, poor heat extraction can cause the appearance of defects such as internal or surface cracks that influence the quality of the solidified products [12,13].…”