The influence of thyroid pathology on the course of periodontal disease in children and ways to correct it (Review)

Abstract

Iodine deficiency diseases constitute an important medical and social problem, since a significant part of the territory of Ukraine is characterized by biogeochemical indicators of low iodine content in the environment, which is the cause of hypothyroidism development. At the same time, there are many other factors that can trigger the thyroid disorders in children. Epidemiological studies carried out in the Carpathian region have shown that iodine deficiency of varying degrees is specific to this area. Professor M.M. Kovalev's in-depth study of the causes of goitre in Bukovyna showed that along with iodine deficiency, macro- and micronutrient deficiencies associated with certain regions play an important role. Iodine deficiency promotes goitrogenesis and decreases the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland. As a result of reduced intrathyroid iodine in the gland, diiodothyrosine synthesis decreases and monoiodothyrosine increases, the hormone ratio increases due to an increase in the more biologically active triiodothyronine. This compensates for the euthyroid state against the background iodine deficiency. An adaptive manifestation of iodine deficiency is goitre, considered being the main sign of iodine deficiency; as iodine deficiency or thyroid hormone requirements increase, goiter size increases and more severe forms of thyroopathology develop. Iodine deficiency is common in many countries of the world. The analysis of the research data has shown the multifactorial nature of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases in children, as well as the significant impact of thyroid disorders on the condition of the human dentition. In this regard, the study of cause-effect relationships between the initial manifestations of thyroid pathology and periodontal tissue changes in children seems relevant and promising in terms of improving methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Keywords: periodontium, diffuse non-toxic goitre, children.