The informal sector in the structure of the national economy: Simulation and evaluation

Abstract

The research into the shadow economy has scientific and practical value. Any state is interested in evaluating the size of the shadow economy as it affects the goals and priorities of the country’s development. This study presents a model for evaluating the shadow economy in the Russian Federation. The authors developed and analyzed an approach to measuring the shadow economy based on factor analysis and a MIMIC model. The study features the factor analysis of the official statistics for Russia over the period from 1992 to 2019, with more than 150 indicators characterizing different spheres of the life of the country. The authors determined the factors affected by the shadow economy, built a MIMIC model on this basis, and estimated the size of the shadow economy in Russia. Assessing the size of shadow activity is important for analyzing economic development and the impact of government regulations on the shadow sector

Realitas Tantangan Tenaga Kerja Wanita di Sektor Informal: Kontribusi, Tantangan dan Dampak yang Terjadi

“…Terpinggirkan di ranah ekonomi yang tak terstruktur, mereka dihadapkan pada berbagai tantangan, berjuang hanya untuk sekadar memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan keluarga. Di daerah perkotaan strategis, kelangsungan hidup yang dilakukan oleh angkatan kerja wanita antara lain melakukan aktivitas ekonomi di sektor informal (Lizina, 2020;Mehra, 2023;Shahid, 2020). Sektor informal yaitu bagian dari sistem ekonomi kota desa yang belum mendapat batuan ekonomi pemerintah atau belom mampu menggunakan bantuan yang disediakan dan atau sudah menerima bantuan tetapi belum berdikari (Manga, 2022;Mapfumo, 2020;Terentyeva, 2023).…”

The Institution of Self-employment as a Factor of Small Business Development in Russia

“…The catalyst for the emerging transformation was the COVID-19 pandemic, accompanied by the spread of remote work using Internet technologies. Informal employment is becoming increasingly important both for the Russian economy and for foreign countries, within which the segment of self-employed people who choose to work for themselves is traditionally considered [1,2,3]. The task of the state is to ensure the institutionalisation of the activities of the self-employed, to prevent the spread of shadow employment, but on the contrary, to ensure the involvement of the self-employed in legal activities, while with minimal bureaucratic burden, which will enable self-employed entities to receive officially confirmed income, use support tools designed for small and medium-sized enterprises (hence -SMEs), and receive social guarantees, including pension provision [4,5,6].…”