The Initiating and Promoting Activity of Chemicals Isolated from Drinking Waters in the Sencar Mouse: A Five-City Survey

Robinson, Merrel; Glass, John W.; Cmehil, David; Bull, Richard J.; Orthoefor, John G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4121-5_13

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…of our laboratory (9). Following up on these initial observations it was shown that these concentrates also contained chemicals capable of transforming BALB/3T3 cells (10) and a preliminary report demonstrated the ability of certain of the samples to initiate tumors in the mouse skin (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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Other workers have clearly shown that most, if not all, drinking water in the U.S. contains chemicals that possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity by using bacterial and in vitro methods. In the present work, increased numbers of tumors were observed with samples of organic material isolated from 5 U.S. cities administered as tumor initiators in mouse skin initiation/promotion studies. Only in one case was the result significantly different from control. In studies designed to test whether disinfection practice contributes significantly to the tumor initiating activity found in drinking water mixed results have been obtained. In one experiment, water disinfected by chlorination, ozonation or combined chlorine resulted in a significantly greater number of papillomas when compared to nondisinfected water. In two subsequent experiments, where water was obtained from the Ohio River at different times of the year, no evidence of increased initiating activity was observed with any disinfectant. Analysis of water obtained at the comparable times of the year for total organic halogen, and trihalomethane formation revealed a substantial variation in the formation of these products. Considering the problems such variability poses for estimating risks associated with disinfection by-products, a model system which makes use of commercially obtained humic acid as a substrate for chlorination was investigated using the Ames test. Humic and fulvic acids obtained from two surface waters as well as the commercially obtained humic acid were without activity in TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 or TA 100 strains of S. typhimurium. Following treatment with a 0.8 molar ratio of chlorine (based on carbon) significant mutagenic activity was observed with all humic and fulvic acid samples. Comparisons of the specific mutagenic activity of the chlorinated products suggests that the commercial material might provide a useful model for studying health hazards associated with disinfection reactions by-products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The test systems employed varied from the application of the Salmonella! microsome assay (2-4) for mutagenic chemicals 216 developed by Ames et al (5) to chronic studies conducted in rodents (6)(7)(8). In each of these cases, carcinogenic and/or mutagenic activity was detected in finished drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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show abstract

“…microsome assay (2-4) for mutagenic chemicals developed by Ames et al (5) to chronic studies conducted in rodents (6)(7)(8). A number of research groups around the world began to examine test mixtures of organic chemicals extracted from drinking waters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of research groups around the world began to examine test mixtures of organic chemicals extracted from drinking waters. Following up on these initial observations it was shown that these concentrates also contained chemicals capable of transforming BALB/3T3 cells (10) and a preliminary report demonstrated the ability of certain of the samples to initiate tumors in the mouse skin (8). microsome assay (2-4) for mutagenic chemicals developed by Ames et al (5) to chronic studies conducted in rodents (6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Biological Assay Systems to Assess the Relative Carcinogenic Hazards of Disinfection By-Products

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environmental Health Perspectives

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Brogan & Partners are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environmental Health Perspectives.Other workers have clearly shown that most, if not all, drinking water in the U.S. contains chemicals that possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity by using bacterial and in vitro methods. In the present work, increased numbers of tumors were observed with samples of organic material isolated from 5 U.S. cities administered as tumor initiators in mouse skin initiation/promotion studies. Only in one case was the result significantly different from control.In studies designed to test whether disinfection practice contributes significantly to the tumor initiating activity found in drinking water mixed results have been obtained. In one experiment, water disinfected by chlorination, ozonation or combined chlorine resulted in a significantly greater number of papillomas when compared to nondisinfected water. In two subsequent experiments, where water was obtained from the Ohio River at different times of the year, no evidence of increased initiating activity was observed with any disinfectant. Analysis of water obtained at the comparable times of the year for total organic halogen, and trihalomethane formation revealed a substantial variation in the formation of these products.Considering the problems such variability poses for estimating risks associated with disinfection by-products, a model system which makes use of commercially obtained humic acid as a substrate for chlorination was investigated using the Ames test. Humic and fulvic acids obtained from two surface waters as well as the commercially obtained humic acid were without activity in TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 or TA 100 strains of S. typhimurium. Following treatment with a 0.8 molar ratio of chlorine (based on carbon) significant mutagenic activity was observed with all humic and fulvic acid samples. Comparisons of the specific mutagenic activity of the chlorinated products suggests that the commercial material might provide a useful model for studying health hazards associated with disinfection reactions by-products.

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“…It is possible to perform carcinogenicity studies on individual drinking water extracts in rodents, and such studies have yielded both positive (8,9) and negative (10) findings. However, such assays are not amenable to the study of samples from a number of sources because of the time necessary for these costly long-term studies and also because of the large quantities of material that are required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of chlorination to the mutagenic activity of drinking water extracts in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Douglas¹,

Nestmann²,

LeBel³

1986

Environ Health Perspect

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The production of chlorinated by-products through chlorine disinfection of drinking water has been well documented. Natural organic precursors for these chemicals include fulvic and humic acids, the chlorination of which leads to the production of mutagenic compounds. Conmparisons of extracts of raw versus treated waters have confirmed that clorination during water treatment produces inutagenic activity in the Salmonella (Ames) test. Present work on XAD-2 extracts of raw and chlorinated water from six municipalities in the Great Lakes region of Canada has involved a battery of mutagenicity assays for various genetic endpoints: the Salmonella test, the sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), and the micronucleus (MN) induction in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. All extracts of treated (chlorinated), but none of untreated, water were mutagenic in the Salmonella assay. On the other hand, extracts of both treated and untreated water samples showed activity in the SCE and MN assays, but no consistent pattern of response with regard to treatment (chlorination) was evident. These data show that chlorination contributes mutagens to drinking water and suggest that mammalian in vitro assays may be more sensitive for detecting mutagenicity in water samples than the Salmonella test.

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The Initiating and Promoting Activity of Chemicals Isolated from Drinking Waters in the Sencar Mouse: A Five-City Survey

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Use of Biological Assay Systems to Assess the Relative Carcinogenic Hazards of Disinfection By-Products

Contribution of chlorination to the mutagenic activity of drinking water extracts in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells.

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