The interaction between auxin and ethylene and its role in plant growth.

Burg, Stanley P.; Burg, Ellen A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.55.2.262

Cited by 307 publications

(204 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, CO2 reinstates aulxin inhibited growth in pea roots (7), and it has been demonstrated that auxin inhibits growth in this tisstue by inducing ethylene formation (7) (24) proposed that 0., depletion might interfere with the production and action of ethylene. This suiggestion is stupported by the observation that fruiits evolve less ethylelne (6) 4 and(i 7 show I/Vn3 to be independent of (S) so that the behavior of the tis.sue at all inifinite concenitrationi of ethylene (1/A -0) caln be l)redicted by the low-er dashed line. Kg, the Michaelis-Menlteni constanit for 0,, has a value of 40 ju.m (2.8 % in the gas phase), which is comparable tc v-alues reported for n-iany other oxidases (33) but considerably higher than that for cytochrome oxidase (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reinstatement (21); ethylene induced epinasty is not expressed at high concentrations of CO, (13); and fruit ripening is hastened by ethylene and delayed by CO9 (23,34). It has recently been reported that the elongation of etiolated pea and sunflower stem sections is inhibited at stupra-optimal IAA concentrations not becautse of any direct action of autxin but because of auxin-induced ethylene production (4). If this is truie CO., should be able to reinstate growth at high concentrations of auxin, and the data in figure 3 shows this to be the case.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If this is truie CO., should be able to reinstate growth at high concentrations of auxin, and the data in figure 3 shows this to be the case. CO,, is highly effective in reversing the inhibition of elongation caused by 5 um IAA, and becomes progressively less effective at higher auxin levels because it cannot counteract the action of more than a ppm ethvlene (fig 1), the ethylene content of the tissue at 50 JuM IAA (4). Similarly, CO2 reinstates aulxin inhibited growth in pea roots (7), and it has been demonstrated that auxin inhibits growth in this tisstue by inducing ethylene formation (7) (24) proposed that 0., depletion might interfere with the production and action of ethylene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Requirements for the Biological Activity of Ethylene

1967

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Summary. The molecular requirements for ethylene action were investigated using the pea straight growth test. Biological activity requires an unsaturated bond adjacent to a terminal carbon atom, is inversely related to molecular size, and is decreased by substitutions which lower the electron densitv in the unsaturated position. Evidence is presented that ethylene binds to a metal containing receptor site. 002 is a competitive inhibitor of ethylene action, and prevents high concentrations of auxin (which stimulate ethylene formation) from retarding the elongation of etiolated pea stem sections. It is suggested that CO2 delays fruit ripening by displacing the ripening hormone, ethylene, from its receptor site. Binding of ethylene to the receptor site is also impeded when the 02 concentration is lowered, and this may explain why fruit ripening is delayed at low O. tensions.Several gases in addition to ethylene elicit the triple response in etiolated seedlings, and the concentration of each requlired to produce a just discernible effect has been determined (9, 25). Included are propylene, butylene (isomer unknown), acetylene, and CO. Since these vapors also substitute for ethylene in causing epinasty (9, 10), fruit ripening (11,27), and other effects (8,9, 29), it would appear that the molecular requirements for biological action are similar in each case. We have attempted to delineate these requirements using as an assay for ethylene action the effect which the gas has on the growth and tropistic behavior of etiolated pea stem sections. Materials and MethodsPeas (Pisum sativum, var. Alaska) were soaked in water for 5 hours and germinated in moist vermiculite. The seedlings developed in darkness at 230 receiving an occasional exposure to dim red illumination, and were used on the seventh day. Sections 10 mm long were cut from the third internode just below the leaf hook and incubated in a medium containing 1 uM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2 % sucrose (w/v), 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), and 5 ptM CoCl in glass distilled water. Ten ml of media and 10 sections were placed in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask, this was sealed with a vaccine cap, the gas phase ad-'This investigation was supported by research grants EF-00214 and EF40078&2 from the United States Public Health Service, Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection, and was carried out while S. P. Bukrg was the recipient of Career Research DevelopmentAward 1-K3-GM-6871 from the USPHS. justed as described below, and the tissue slowly shaken at 230 in the dark. After 3 hours the sections were visually scored in red light for curvature and 15 hours later the gas phase was analyzed by gas chromatography before the tissue was removed, blotted dry, weighed and measured. Details of the procedure have been published elsewhere (4). Gas Chromatography and Preparation of GasM&ixtures. All gases were chromatographed on a 3 foot alumina column to determine whether ethylene or other low molecular weight contaminants were present. The instrument, a Perk...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Requirements for the Biological Activity of Ethylene

1967

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“…Elongation of cells in the inner curve would straighten the apical hook as it is observed in early seedling development. Alternatively, high concentrations of auxin have been shown to inhibit cell growth by inducing ethylene biosynthesis (Burg and Burg, 1966). Overproduction of auxin in transgenic plants also results in the overproduction of ethylene which inhibits stem elongation (Romano et al,, 1993).…”

Section: Ps-iaa4/5 and Ps-iaa6 In Auxin-mediated Cell Elongationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential activation of the primary auxin response genes, PS‐IAA4/5 and PS‐IAA6, during early plant development

et al. 1996

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SummaryThe plant growth hormone auxin typified by indoleacetic acid (IAA) transcriptionally activates early genes in pea, PS.IAA4/5 and PS-IAA6, that are members of a multigene family encoding short-lived nuclear proteins. To gain first insight into the biological role of PS-IAA4/5 and PS-IAA6, promoter-~-glucuronidase (GUS) gene fusions were constructed and their expression during early development of transgenic tobacco seedlings was examined. The comparative analysis reveals spatial and temporal expression patterns of both genes that correlate with cells, tissues, and developmental processes known to be affected by auxin. GUS activity in seedlings of both transgenic lines is located in the root meristem, sites of lateral root initiation and.in hypocotyls undergoing rapid elongation. In addition, mutually exclusive cell-specific expression is evident. For instance, PS-IAA4/5-GUS but not PS-IAA6-GUS is expressed in root vascular tissue and in guard cells, whereas only PS-IAA6.-GUS activity is detectable in glandular trichomes and redistributes to the elongating side of the hypocotyl upon gravitropic stimulation. Expression of PS-IAA4/5 and PS-IAA6 in elongating, dividing, and differentiating cell types indicates multiple functions during development. The common and yet distinct activity patterns of both genes suggest a combinatorial code of spatio-temporal co-expression of the various PS-IAA4/ 5-like gene family members in plant development that may mediate cell-specific responses to auxin.

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“…Secotnd, application of low concentrations of ethylene to light-grown seedlings can maintain the very slow rate of leaf expansion characteristic of etiolated seedlings (3). Third, Burg ancl Buirg (1) have shown that stem sections taken from lightgrown pea seedlings produce less ethylene when treate(l with IAA than similarly treated sections from dark-grown plants. Finally, since this work was completed, Kang et al (6) 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Effect of Light on the Production of Ethylene and the Growth of the Plumular Portion of Etiolated Pea Seedlings

Goeschl¹,

Pratt²,

Bonner³

1967

Plant Physiol.

172

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Summiarv. The produiction of ethylene by etiolated pea epicotyls (Pisuim sativum11 L., cv. Alaska) is confined to the plumule and plumular hook portion of the epicotyl, and occurs at a rate of about 6 pLlkg-l.hr-1. Such a rate is sufficient to give physiologically active concentrations of ethylene within the tissue. Exposure of etiolated seedlings to a single dose of red light caused a transient decrease in ethylenc produiction and a corresponding increase in plumuilar expansion. Far-red irradiation following the red light treatment decreased the red effect to the level achieved by the far-red alone, suiggesting that the ethylene produiction mechanism is controlled by phytochrome and thuis that the ethylene intervenes as a regulator in the phytochrome control of pltimuilar expansion.A relationship between the production of ethylene an(l the inhibition of plumular expansion in etiolatedI pea epicotyls can be 'deduced from several recent observations. First, the rate of ethylene productioin in the growing epicotyl does not increase in proportion to the increasing mass or ntumber of cells (5)

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The interaction between auxin and ethylene and its role in plant growth.

Cited by 307 publications

References 2 publications

Molecular Requirements for the Biological Activity of Ethylene

Molecular Requirements for the Biological Activity of Ethylene

Differential activation of the primary auxin response genes, PS‐IAA4/5 and PS‐IAA6, during early plant development

An Effect of Light on the Production of Ethylene and the Growth of the Plumular Portion of Etiolated Pea Seedlings

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