The Interrelation between Interleukin-2 and Schizophrenia

Huang, Yu Jui; Zhang, Xin; Zhou, Na

doi:10.3390/brainsci12091154

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The change of IL-2 levels in patients with schizophrenia was found to be an increase in patients with schizophrenia in some research [ 46 ], while others found a decrease [ 63 , 64 ]. During the acute period IL-2 changes significantly, while it tends to stabilize in patients in a stable stage [ 65 ]. IL-2 is a cytokine necessary for the survival and proliferation of regulatory T cells expressing Foxp3+.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Activity of Abzymes Targeting Myelin and Levels of Inflammation Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia

et al. 2023

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Catalytic antibodies, or abzymes, are capable of not only binding but also hydrolyzing various proteins. Previously, an increase in the level of myelin basic protein (MBP)-hydrolyzing activity of antibodies was shown in patients with a number of neurological and mental disorders, including schizophrenia. Furthermore, antipsychotic therapy is known to induce a change in cytokine levels in patients with schizophrenia, which affects regulation of the immune response and inflammatory status. This study investigated the influence of typical and atypical antipsychotics on catalytic antibody activity and the 10 major pro- and anti-inflammatory serum cytokine levels. The study included 40 patients with schizophrenia: 15 treated with first-generation antipsychotics and 25 treated with atypical antipsychotics for 6 weeks. It was found that treatment with atypical antipsychotics changed the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Antipsychotic therapy also caused a significant decrease in MBP-hydrolyzing activity in patients with schizophrenia (p = 0.0002), and associations of catalytic activity with interleukins were observed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Activity of Abzymes Targeting Myelin and Levels of Inflammation Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia

et al. 2023

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“…We also found an increase in serum IL-2 concentration in schizophrenia (Figure 1B). It is known that IL-2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in the context of the T-reg hypothesis [43]. However, studies of the concentration of IL-2 in the blood of patients show conflicting results [43].…”

Section: Group Differences In Biomarker Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers and Growth Factors Levels with Sex, Therapy and Other Clinical Factors in Schizophrenia and Patient Stratification Based on These Data

et al. 2023

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Multiple lines of evidence are known to confirm the pro-inflammatory state of some patients with schizophrenia and the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of psychosis. The concentration of peripheral biomarkers is associated with the severity of inflammation and can be used for patient stratification. Here, we analyzed changes in serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, APRIL, BAFF, PBEF/Visfatin, IFN-α, and TNF-α) and growth/neurotrophic factors (GM-CSF, NRG1-β1, NGF-β, and GDNF) in patients with schizophrenia in an exacerbation phase. IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, BAFF, IFN-α, GM-CSF, NRG1-β1, and GDNF increased but TNF-α and NGF-β decreased in schizophrenia compared to healthy individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed the effect of sex, prevalent symptoms, and type of antipsychotic therapy on biomarker levels. Females, patients with predominantly negative symptoms, and those taking atypical antipsychotics had a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. Using cluster analysis, we classified participants into “high” and “low inflammation” subgroups. However, no differences were found in the clinical data of patients in these subgroups. Nevertheless, more patients (17% to 25.5%) than healthy donors (8.6% to 14.3%) had evidence of a pro-inflammatory condition depending on the clustering approach used. Such patients may benefit from personalized anti-inflammatory therapy.

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“…In schizophrenia, impaired Treg cells cause astroglial overactivation and microglial pruning. In the development of Treg cells, interleukin (IL)‐2 is crucial 12 …”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID‐19 and the increase in schizophrenia incidence in the future: A hypothesis and a serious warning

Pourfridoni

Askarpour

2022

Health Science Reports

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Background and Aims The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which has caused a global pandemic, is brought on by the Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Since the COVID‐19 pandemic started so recently, dealing with complications that emerge years later and have the potential to cause several crises for humanity is one of the issues we face in the post‐COVID‐19 age. Therefore, we wish to discuss a theory and potential dangers surrounding the probability of schizophrenia following COVID‐19 infection in this study. Methods The literature search for this article has been entirely internet‐based. Information was gathered using the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Results The results showed that multiple immune system changes brought on by COVID‐19 have been identified as potential causes of schizophrenia. Conclusion It is predicted that one of the long‐term effects of COVID‐19 is an increase in the risk of schizophrenia incidence based on the results of this study, which looked at the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia as well as the pathogenic mechanisms of the SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, healthcare staff should be prepared to handle any potential risks in future.

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The Interrelation between Interleukin-2 and Schizophrenia

Cited by 5 publications

References 75 publications

The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Activity of Abzymes Targeting Myelin and Levels of Inflammation Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia

The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Activity of Abzymes Targeting Myelin and Levels of Inflammation Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia

Association of Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers and Growth Factors Levels with Sex, Therapy and Other Clinical Factors in Schizophrenia and Patient Stratification Based on These Data

COVID‐19 and the increase in schizophrenia incidence in the future: A hypothesis and a serious warning

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